Conus soaresi Trovao, 1978

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Mike Filmer

Published in: Bol. Cent. Port. Activ. Subaq. ser. IV-N-4, p. 9, pl. I, f. 3-3b, pl. II, f. 1-1a
Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West Africa
Type Locality: Senegal
Type Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 30.6 x 15.9 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym of Conus cloveri Walls, 1978
Current Group Names:-
Not appropriate for the name soaresi

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Conus sogodensis Poppe, Monnier & Tagaro, 2012

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in NMPM Eric Monnier

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Visaya 3 (5), 49
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Sogod, Cebu, Philippines, (muddy sand bottom, 180 - 250 mtrs)
Type Data: Holotype in NMPM deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 52 x 21.5 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A color form of Conus laterculatus; described as a valid species
Current Group Names:-
Genus:-Phasmoconus Species:- laterculatus sogodensis forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Sogod, Philippines
Habitat:-Found in sand at 180-250 m
Description:-Source Original description

The protoconch is tilted, multispiral, with two and a half light brown glossy whorls. The spire is moderately high, with a slightly concave outline and has an angulate shoulder. The relative diameter (RD) is 0.47; the position of the maximum diameter (PMD) is 0.81. The shape of the shell is narrowly conoid cylindrical. The shoulder is broadly carinate and smooth. The last whorl is covered with around 25 spiral grooves. The base color of the shell is creamy white, also the in- side of the aperture. A pattern of irregular light orange- brown blotches covers the body whorl. These irregular bands are formed on the body whorl, where the blotches become slightly larger and more condensed. The pattern disappears towards the siphonal canal.
Discussion:-A comparison suggests that C. laterculus is very similar but has a violet tint and darker brown markings in fresh specimens.

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Conus solangeae Bozzetti L., 2004

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN MNHN

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Malacologia Mostra Mondiale 43, 13
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Lavanono, Southern Madagascar
Type Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 25 x 13 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Textilia Species:-solangeae
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-S. Madagascar
Habitat:-Found at depths of 60 meters
Description:-Source Original description Malacologica Mostra Mondiale
The species is of small dimensions for the shell type, obconical, polished, wide protoconch, cup shaped, early whorls -2 turns- smooth and prominent. The spire low with concave profile, four whorls of teleconch. Shoulder varies from rounded to subangulated, sides convex on the adapical third, straight near base. Sutures incised with slightly raised margins and irregularly curled, subsutural ramps concave covered with dense radial striae, 2 spiral grooves run centrally which fade on the ramp of the last whorl. Last whorl smooth , with about 15 raised spirals on the basal third. Aperture slightly wider near base. Color of the whole shell, including apex and aperture, rose salmon-orange, siphonal fasciole white. Slightly darker axial flammules on the last whorl. Pattern constituted from spiral lines of rectangular dots, alternate white and salmon-orange, darker tones at the base, and three bands, under the shoulder, below the middle and at the base. Animal parts unknown.
Discussion:-

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Conus solomonensis Delsaerdt, 1992

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Gloria Maris xxxi, no. 4-5, p. 65, 4 figs.
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Guadalcanal, Solomon Is.
Type Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 29.3 x 14.3 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Asprella Species: solomonensis
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Solomon Islands
Habitat:-Usually in 2-30 m, on sand; sometimes dredged as deep as 100 m
Description:-.
Ground colour white to bluish grey, variably suffused with brownish beige. On last whorl, beige shades usually arranged in 3-4 spiral bands, at base, on both sides of centre and often below shoulder. Basal bands usually fused, often all bands confluent. Spiral rows of brown to blackish brown dots, spots and axial streaks extending from base to shoulder, mostly restricted to 3-4 spiral zones with larger and more prominent markings overlying the beige background bands. Larval whorls and first 2-4 postnuclear sutural ramps brown to beige. Following ramps with white to blackish brown radial markings; marginal brown dots may be present. Aperture violet to bluish violet deep within, with brown to orangebrown collabral edge.
A dark coloured form from Solomon Is. differs in having more prominent brown-beige background shades and a dark brown apex. Largely solid, coarse dark brown spiral lines extend from base to subshoulder area. Dark brown bars, flecks, and flames may cover most of the last whorl or may be absent. Radial markings on late sutural ramps larger and confluent. Last whorl pattern similar to that of C. sertacinctus but with prominent spiral rows of brown dots between the 4 spiral bands. Beige background bands absent. Apex white to grey; following sutural ramps with brown radial streaks and flames, without marginal dots. Aperture brown to bluish violet deep within, with a darker collabral edge. Apex pale brown to brown; following sutural ramps matching last whorl in colour pattern. Aperture brownish violet to violet deep within, with an orange-brown to brown collabral edge.
Discussion:-No Data

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Conus somalicus Bozzetti, 2013

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in the Bozetti Collection Luigi Bozetti

Published in: Malacologia 78, p. 12
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Ras Hafun, North-Eastern Somalia
Type Data: Holotype in AMS deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 23,60 x 12.06 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy:
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONOLITHIDAE
Genus:-Yeddoconus Species:-somalicus
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-West Pacific+ only known from the type locality
Habitat:-Dredged from 150 – 250 m depth
Description:-Original Description
Conical profile, spire moderately high with a concave, turreted outline, body whorl uniformly convex on right side, slightly sigmoid on left side, body whorl with a white back ground color, patterned by 4 spiral rows of dashes, variable width, light brown colored, one below the shoulder, one at the middle the remaining ones over the base, 5 further articulate rows, with more elongated dashes, tightened on the upper basal ribs, 3 interrupted bands of light brown blotches also present on body whorl, spire white, apex white, inside of aperture white.

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Conus sophiae Brazier, 1875

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in AMS Mike Filmer

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1, p. 7
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Bannietta Isle, New Georgia, Solomon Islands, (reef).
Type Data: Holotype in AMS deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 39 x 22.6 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym form of Conus ferrugineus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Vituliconus Species:-ferrugineus sophiae forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-New Caledonia, Philippines
Habitat:-Intertidal to about 50 m; on sand, often under coral or on sand with algae.
Description:-Source Living Conidae C. ferrugineus
C. f. sophiae granulose spiral ribs to shoulder.

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Conus sorenseni Sander, 1982

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in ZMUC Mike Filmer

Published in: Veliger xxiv, no. 4 p. 319, f. 1 & 2
Ocean geography: West Atlantic and Caribbean
Type Locality: Off St. James, Barbados; ca. 175 m
Type Data: Holotype in ZMUC deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 34.5 x 17.5 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym of Conus sanderi Wils & Moolenbeek, 1979
Current Group Names:-
Not appropriate for the name sorenseni

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Conus sowerbii Reeve, 1849

Pictures:
Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Conch. ill. (1833, pt. 37, fig. 56)

Published in: Conch. Icon.. I, Conus. Emendns., p. 2
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Not known
Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Sowerby i (1833, pt. 37, fig. 56)
Nomenclature: an invalid name, a homonym of fossil names, invalid rename of C. sinensis, Sowerby 1841
Taxonomy: Not applicable
Current Group Names:-
Not appropriate for the name

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Conus sozoni Bartsch, 1939

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Mike Filmer

Published in: Smithson. Misc. Coll. 98, no. 1, p. 1, pl. I, f. 1-3
Ocean geography: West Atlantic and Caribbean
Type Locality: Tarpon Springs, Florida.
Type Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 100 x 47.5 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym of Conus delessertii Recluz, 1843
Current Group Names:-
Not appropriate for the name sozoni

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Conus speciosissimus Reeve, 1848

Pictures:
Picture Link: Syntype in NHMUK Mike Filmer

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus. Suppl., pl. ii, sp. 274
Ocean geography: West Atlantic and Caribbean
Type Locality: Curacao (dubious)
Type Data: Syntype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued
Type Size:
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Leptoconus Species:-speciosissimus
Synonyms:- Conus lubeckianus Bernardi, 1861
Geographic Range:-Not known
Habitat:-No Data
Description:-Source Original Description
Shell ovately conical, smooth or obscurely distantly ridged towards the base, spire somewhat obsoletely coronated; bright scarlet pink with twp pinkish white blotchy bands round midbody and upper part; spire marbled the same pattern.
The type specimens (20.6 x 11.8 m and 16.9 x 9.7 mm) are beautiful little cones, salmon pink with a white spire and two white blotchy bands around the middle and upper parts.There are weak widely spaced white spiral ridges near the base.
Discussion:-The nodules on the shoulder of the body whorl are larger than in C . magellanicus.
Tucker considers the name a synonym of C. cardinalis.

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Conus spectrum Linnaeus, 1758

Pictures:
Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Rumphius (1705, pl. 32, fig. S)

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Radula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Systema Naturae 10th ed., 1, p. 717
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Asia
Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Rumphius (1705, pl. 32 fig. S)
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Asprella Species:-spectrum
Synonyms:- carota Röding, 1798; conspersus Reeve, 1844; verreauxii Kiener, 1845; stillatus Reeve, 1849; filamentosus Reeve, 1849
Geographic Range:-Philippines - Queensland & W. Australia
Habitat:-Sand Offshore
Description:-Medium-sized to moderately large and moderately light to solid, relative weight of similarly sized specimens may vary by 50%; form pica moderately small to medium-sized and moderately solid. Last whorl usually ventricosely conical, occasionally conoid-cylindrical or ovate; outline convex adapically, less so to straight below; left side usually concave above prominent siphonal fasciole, seldom so in form pica. Aperture wider at base than near shoulder. Shoulder angulate to subangulate. Spire low, outline concave. Larval shell of 2.25-2.75 whorls; maximum diameter 0.8-1.1 mm, 0.8-0.9 mm in form pica. Early postnuclear whorls occasionally undulate to weakly tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps almost flat, with 0-2 increasing to 3-5 equal or to 7-8 variably broad spiral grooves; elevations between usually as well separated ribs, grading to spirally striate, closely spaced ribbons in form pica. Last whorl with variably spaced spiral ribs and ribbons separated by grooves on basal third to half, sometimes followed by spiral threads to shoulder; in form pica, spiral sculpture more uniform, with ribs anteriorly, then a few ribbons, and smooth above.
Ground colour white. Last whorl usually with yellowish orange to dark brown axial streaks, flames and blotches, generally concentrated or fused into 2-3 interrupted or solid spiral bands. White shells intergrade with brown shells with a paler central band; shells with an irregularly arranged pattern intergrade with shells with a regularly reticulate pattern between the spiral bands. Some specimens also with wavy or straight, continuous or discontinuous brown axial lines from base to shoulder or shoulder ramp; some with closely spaced, dotted to solid spiral lines. In form pica, pattern consists of separate spots to confluent blotches; widely spaced dotted spiral lines in some shells; traces of axial lines rarely present. Larval whorls white to pale brown, white in form pica. Late sutural ramps with narrow to broad and confluent radial markings matching last whorl pattern in colour; shells with an immaculate white spire intergrade with shells with a nearly brown spire. Aperture generally white to bluish white and often slightly translucent.
Shell Morphometry
L 30-76 mm
RW 0.08-0.50 mm
(L 35-69 mm)
RD 0.51-0.67
PMD 0.73-0.86
RSH 0.03-0.12
Discussion:-C. spectrum resembles C. wittigi, C. broderipii, C. fischoederi, and C. blanfordianus. C. wittigi is a smaller species (L 26-42 mm) with an often higher spire (RSH 0.07-0.17), and a reticulate pattern with triangular markings rather than axial markings on the last whorl. C. broderipii has a less pronounced spiral sculpture on the late sutural ramps and a violet to purple aperture. The shells from Philippines provisionally assigned to C. broderipii differ in a generally higher spire (RSH 0.09-0.16), less angulate shoulder, pale brown spiral background bands, and a rose, orange or violet aperture. C. fischoederi is distinguished from C. spectrum by its higher spire (RSH 0.11- 0.17) with a less concave outline and more prominent shoulder tubercles in the early postnuclear whorls and by the absence of spiral ribbons basally on the last whorl. Variants of C. spectrum from Moluccas (form conspersus) and Philippines are particularly similar to C. fischoederi in their last whorl pattern with dashed to solid brown spiral lines. However, they differ in their wider apertures and smoother last whorls; in form conspersus, the aperture is often suffused with flesh to pale orange and the last whorl pattern lacks tentmarks. C. blanfordianus differs mainly in its colour pattern: White with about 15 spiral rows of brown spots and bars. C. spectrum as presented here exhibits considerable conchological variability both within and between populations. It may represent a complex of closely related species, but we are unable to identify consistent differences in shape, sculpture and colour pattern among variants from different parts of its range. We thus favour the hypothesis of a single species. The representation of the lectotype of C. spectrum (Rumphius, 1705), probably from Moluccas, is moderately slender, low-spired and ornamented with axial streaks. We consider the following nominal species to be forms of C. spectrum:
C. conspersus: Type specimens are no longer available. The figure of the holotype (Reeve, 1844)lacks distinctive characters exept for the yellow colour. Reeve himself considered the holotype to be an indifferent specimen and figured afterwards (1849: Suppl. Pl. 9 sp. 262b) a more distinctive specimen encircled throughout with fine close-set hair lines and with a warm flesh tint within the aperture. Similar specimens occur in the Moluccas intergrading with typical C. spectrum (Coomans et al.; 1985a). RKK therefore provisionally consider C. conspersus a colour form of C. spectrum, although the absence of type specimens does not allow unequivocal assignment.
C. daphne: Shell ventricosely conical to ovate; solid yellow, encircled with fine brown lines on the last whorl and a wider line at the shoulder. The aperture is yellowish pink, similar to that of C. conspersus. Richard (1990) considered C. daphne a valid species; RKK provisionally consider it a local form with a restricted distribution in Indonesia; Mike Filmer considers it as valid species (2011).
C. dolium: Last whorl rather broad and ventricose, with large, variably confluent orange-brown areas; its spire is remarkably low. This form occurs in Philippines and is very similar to form pica. Mike Filmer considers it as valid species (2011).
C. filamentosus: Known only from the holotype, which probably represents a subadult specimen. It has a yellowish brown last whorl, flecked with white below shoulder and centre, and with spiral grooves up to the shoulder. Its slender shape and rather narrow aperture resemble attributes also found in subadult and adult specimens of other variants. RKK provisionally attach C. filamentosus to C. spectrum.
C. lacteus: It is usually considered to be conspecific with C. parius. The lectotype is white, has widely spaced spiral grooves from the base to the subangulate shoulder and a relatively low spire. C. parius differs in its more rounded shoulder and its generally weak spiral sculpture on the late sutural ramps, except for a distinct adaxial groove. A larger specimen of C. lacteus also present in the MHNG (coll. Delessert) is more distinct in its resemblance to C. spectrum and in its difference from C. parius. RKK thus consider C. lacteus a form of C. spectrum.
C. pica: A distinctive variant very similar to form dolium. Its sympatric occurrence in the Philippines and differences from other variants of C. spectrum suggest distinction at the species level. However, as specimens conforming with the description of C. pica overlap with C. spectrum in all studied shell characters, RKK provisionally consider them conspecific. Mike Filmer considers it as valid species (2011).
C. verreauxii: The identity of the figured shell from Cape of Good Hope is dubious. It resembles C. conspersus in the fine brown spiral lines and scattered small brown spots on the last whorl. Reeve was the first to suggest that C. verreauxii is identical with C. conspersus, although Kiener compared it with C. anemone. Whether this hypothesis is correct or C. verreauxii represents a valid species, cannot be unequivocally decided, because we lack a type specimen and the original figure shows the dorsal side of the shell only. RKK provisionally follow Reeve's suggestion and regard C. verreauxii as a synonym of C. spectrum form conspersus.
C. stillatus: Last whorl with fine dark brown axial lines.
C. carota represents a synonym rather than a form of C. spectrum.

Conus spectrum f. conspersus Reeve, 1844

Pictures:
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, pl. 47, sp. 262
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: not known, designated (C, M & W) the Moluccas, Indonesia
Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Reeve (1844, pl. 47, sp. 262)
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus spectrum Linnaeus, 1758
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Asprella Species:-spectrum conspersus forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Philippines; Indonesia, Australia
Habitat:-Shallow water to 50 m
Description:-Source Filmer review in Visaya 2011
grooves. The color is ivory-white to pale cream with many axially aligned yellow, orange or pale tan blotches which vary in size and intensity. The shoulder is angulate to slightly rounded. The body whorl is convex below the shoulder and then almost straight. There are numerous rather fine spiral grooves which are stronger at the base. The ground color is ivory-white to cream.The pale yellowish-orange blotches may be dense or quite diffuse in different specimens.. There are numerous very fine pale brown to orange hair-like spiral lines on the body whorl, these lines may, in some specimens, be composed of fine dots. The aperture is rather wide especially towards the base. The interior of the aperture is white to very pale fleshy white.
Discussion:-

Conus spectrum f. filamentosus Reeve, 1849

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, Suppl., pl. vi, sp. 260
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Designated Philippines.
Type Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 28.5 x 13.5 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym form of Conus spectrum Linnaeus, 1758
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Asprella Species:-spectrum filamentosus forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Philippines and Indonesia
Habitat:-Intertidal to about 50 m, mainly on sand
Description:-Source Filmer review 2011
C. filamentosus is a small shell. The color of the spire is cream to white with largish yellowish to very pale orange blotches. The shoulder is angulate. The body whorl is slightly convex below the shoulder then almost straight until it becomes very vaguely concave towards the base. The body whorl is shiny with numerous spiral grooves from base to shoulder. The ground color is cream to white with variable yellowish to very pale orange blotches which tend to form two or three vague bands. The interior of the aperture is pure white.
Discussion:
C. filamentosus differs only marginally from C. conspersus it is smaller straighter sided, more slender and contains stronger more extensive spiral grooves suggesting it is a sub-adult form. It is therefore considered a synonym (sub-adult form) of C. conspersus.

Conus spectrum f. stillatus Reeve, 1849

Pictures:
Picture Link: Figure Conch. Icon., pl. 5, f. 247

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, Suppl. pl. v, sp. 247
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Moluccas
Type Data: Holotype was in collection Cuming and currently assumed to be lost
Type Size: 36 x 20 mm figure
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus spectrum Linnaeus, 1758
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Asprella Species:-spectrum stillatus forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Philippines - Australia
Habitat:-Sand offshore
Description:- C. stillatus: Last whorl with fine dark brown axial lines.
Discussion:-No Data

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Conus sphacelatus Sowerby ii, 1833

Pictures:
Picture Link: Lectotype in NMWC Mike Filmer

Published in: Conch. Illus., pt. 37, f. 51
Ocean geography: West Atlantic and Caribbean
Type Locality: None
Type Data: Lectotype in NMWC deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 19 x 10 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Purpuriconus Species:-sphacelatus
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Bahamas to Cuba
Habitat:-No Data
Description:-Shell turbinated, rather solid; spirally weakly ridged; white with pattern of two bands of vivid olive blotches; spire obtusely elevated; delicately coronated; apex rose pink.
Discussion:-Tucker suggests this pivotal shell in group with C. theodorei, C. inconstans, C. stanfieldi. This species is most similar to Purpuriconus kulkulcan. Both have scalariform spires
and slightly elongate conical shell shape. However, P. kulkulcan has a simpler color pattern and usually has little in the way of longitudinal elements. P. sphacelatus usually does have some sort of longitudinal markings.

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Conus spiceri Bartsch & Rehder, 1943

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 56, p. 87
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Midway Atoll
Type Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 67.5 x 41 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Subspecies of Conus coelinae Crosse, 1858
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Virgiconus Species:-coelinae spiceri subsp.
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Midway; Hawaii
Habitat:-
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Moderately large to large, solid to heavy. Last whorl conical; outline straight, except convex below shoulder. Shoulder angulate to sharply angulate. Spire usually low, outline slightly sigmoid. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to sigmoid, with numerous often faint spiral striae in later whorls. Entire last whorl with rather closely spaced spiral threads, usually more prominent basally.
Colour white, variably suffused with yellow. Last whorl ccasionally with a paler spiral band at centre. Base violet or lemon yellow in C. c. spiceri. Larval whorls white. Aperture white.
Discussion:-No Data

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Conus spirofilis Habe & Kosuge, 1970

Pictures:
Picture Link: Figure Original Description

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Pac. Shell News 1, no. 3, p. 11
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: South China Sea
Type Data: Holotype was in IMT and currently assumed to be lost
Type Size: 30.8 x 16.7 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAE
Genus:-Yeddoconus Species:-spirofilis
Synonyms:- japonicus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792; nipponicus da Motta, 1985; according to Filmer Conus grohi Tenorio & Poppe, 2004
Geographic Range:-Japan - Philippines
Habitat:-Deep Water
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Small to medium-sized, light to moderately solid. Last whorl conical to broadly conical, sometimes ventricosely conical; outline variably convex adapically, straight (right side) or concave (left side) toward base. Shoulder carinate. Spire of moderate height, outline concave. Larval shell of 3 or more whorls, maximum diameter about 0.9 mm. First 2-3 teleoconch whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave, with prominent arcuate radial threads and obsolete spiral striation. Last whorl smooth, with a few weak spiral ribs at base or with spiral ribs from base to centre or to shoulder
Colour pale brown to pale violet. Last whorl with about 20 solid or dashed brown spiral lines. Orange or brown blotches form a subcentral spiral band. Additional small spiral bands may occur above centre and below shoulder. A varying number of white spots to blotches may be scattered on entire last whorl. Larval whorls white. Postnuclear sutural ramps white, with brown radial blotches forming darker spots at outer margins; orangish to reddish brown spots very prominent at shoulder. Aperture translucent, pale violet deeper within.
Shell Morphometry
L 23-37 mm
RW 0.04-0.12 g/mm
RD 0.63-0.75
PMD 0.84-0.92
RSH 0.14-0.22
Discussion:-C. otohimeae may resemble C. spirofilis, but differs in its narrower last whorl (RD 0.59-0.64) with spiral rows of dots rather than dashed or solid lines and in its more tuberculate early postnuclear whorls (5-7 vs. 2-3). A specimen from Loyalty Is. resembles C. spirofilis in size and colour pattern but can be distinguished by its narrower last whorl (RD 0.60), straight spire outline, and the spiral grooves on its sutural ramps.

Conus spirofilis f. grohi Tenorio & Poppe, 2004

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in NMPM Original Description

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Visaya 1 (1), p. 22.
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Aliguay Island, Phillipines
Type Data: Holotype in NMPM deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 23 x 12 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: According to Filmer a synonym form of Conus spirofilis Habe & Kosuge, 1970
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAE
Genus:-Yeddoconus Species:-spirofilis grohi forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Aliguay Is, Philippines
Habitat:-Found around 100m on mud.
Description:-Source Original description Visaya
Moderately small to small shell. The profile is broadly conical, with a moderate spire and a carinate shoulder. Outline of the last whorl sigmoid, convex adapically and concave basally: shape pyriform. Spire concave with a a concave sutural ramp. Protoconch with 3 globose white and transluscent whorls. In all three the specimen the very upper part (first half or first whorl) of the protoconch is broken, probably due to improper handling. The sutural ramps are covered with numerous axial grooves and very faint spiral grooves near the suture. These spiral grooves become more prominent on the last whorl. The carina of the first three teleoconch whorls is tuberculate. Suture deep and wide.
Last whorl very glossy, the basal third is covered with regularly spaced spiral grooves. They number between 6 and 10 on the dorsum according to the specimen. The aperture is rather narrow and the inside has the same colour as the base colour of the shell which is mainly ivory white with a tinge of pink. The pattern of the spire consists of faint brown radial flecks. Two of the three specimens have oblique shoulder spots on the carina. The last whorl is covered with fine spiral rows of dashes that number between 7 and 19 according to the specimen. They may be well pronounced as in paratype l or hardly visible as in the holotype. Three bands of interrupted cloudy brown blotches are present. They vary in strength between hardly visible in paratype 2 to very prominent in paratype I. The upper band is less pronounced than both others. The columella is more pale than the rest of the shell.
Discussion:-The closest relative to Conus grohi is Conus spirofilis Habe & Kosuge, 1970. spirofilis. At first glance both species look similar but multiple small details differentiate them. The sutural ramp of C. grohi is much more concave than in C. spirofilis. C. grohi is slightly broader than C. spirofilis and its spire is not so pointed. The spiral grooves on the lower half of C. grohi are much more pronounced and often obsolete in C. spirofilis. Apart from these differences in shape both species have a superficial resemblance in pattern and colour. However, C. grohi is more pinkish coloured and the whole pattern is rather in soft tones -pastels.

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Conus splendidulus Sowerby ii, 1833

Pictures:
Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Conch Ill (1833, pt. 37, fig. 53)

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Illus., pt. 37, f. 53
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Indian Ocean
Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Sowerby I (1833, pt. 37, fig. 53)
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Strategoconus Species:-splendidulus
Synonyms:- anadema Tomlin, 1937
Geographic Range:-Aden; N. Somalia; Laccadives
Habitat:-In 10-25 m, on mud, coral rubble and in sand channels among coral reefs.
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Medium-sized to moderately large, solid. Last whorl conical, outline almost straight. Shoulder angulate. Spire of low to moderate height, may be stepped in later whorls; outline concave to almost straight. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to concave, occasionally with 3-5 weak spiral grooves in late whorls. Last whorl with a few obsolete spiral ribs at base.
Ground colour white. Last whorl with a variably broad light to dark brown spiral band on each side of centre and axial streaks or flames; a third often interrupted colour band may occur below shoulder. Coarse or fine darker spiral lines extend from base to shoulder, but vary in number and arrangement. Shells that have only axial flames intergrade with shells that have last whorl largely brown and only with spiral pattern elements. Somalian specimens (form anadema) characterized by a yellowish brown to orange, predominantly spirally arranged pattern. Base yellowish brown to brown. Larval whorls beige to brown. Postnuclear sutural ramps with brown radial streaks and blotches that extend over outer margins. Aperture white.
Discussion:-

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Conus sponsalis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:
Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Tableau Enc. (1798, pl. 322, fig. 1)

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Living Animal: David Massemin New Caledonia

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers., Vol. 1, p. 635
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: St. George Is., Solomon Is. (?)
Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Tableau (1798, pl. 322, fig. 1)
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Harmoniconus Species:-sponsalis
Synonyms:- puncturatus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792; maculatus Bosc, 1801; nanus Sowerby ii, 1833;
Geographic Range:-Indo-Pacific; Philippines
Habitat:-Abundant on intertidal benches, less common on subtidal coral reefs; some specimens dredged in 100 m.
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Small to moderately small, moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl conical to broadly and ventricosely conical, rarely slightly pyriform; outline convex at adapical half and usually straight below. In large specimens, aperture often with a distinct spiral ridge at centre. Shoulder rounded to angulate, weakly to distinctly tuberculate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline concave to convex. Larval shell of 4-5 whorls (Taylor, 1975), maximum diameter about 0.7 mm. Postnuclear spire whorls finely tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave, with 1-4 spiral grooves, obsolete on late ramps. Last whorl with fine, granulose spiral ribs on basal half.
Ground colour white; in form nanus usually with a distinct blue shade. Usual pattern of last whorl consists of reddish brown axial flames arranged in 2 spiral rows. Flames often reduced in size or fuslng into bands. Base and basal part of columella purplish blue. Teleoconch sutural ramps with reddish to blackish brown blotches between tubercles. Aperture dark bluish violet deep within.
Shell Morphometry
L 15-34 mm
RW 0.08-0.26 g/mm
(L 15-30 mm)
RD 0.63-0.84
PMD 0.78-0.89
RSH 0.06-0.18
Discussion:-C. musicus resembles C. sponsalis in the characters of shell and animal. The latter species has larger size and a broader last whorl and less angulate shoulder. The colour pattern of typical C. sponsalis lacks dotted spiral lines; only form nanus sometimes bears sparse spirally arrayed dots, but not the more pronounced, darker dotting of C. musicus. The markings between the tubercles in C. musicus are blackish brown in most shells; they are lighter, usually reddish brown and less regular in C. sponsalis. The pronounced double row of red-brown axial flames in C. sponsalis is absent in C. musicus, including form ceylanensis, but it is also absent in C. sponsalis form nanus.

Conus sponsalis f. nanus Sowerby ii, 1833

Pictures:
Picture Link: Lectotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Illus., pt. 24, f. 6
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Marutea, Tuamotu Islands
Type Data: Lectotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 22 x 13 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus sponsalis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Harmoniconus Species:-sponsalis nanus forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Indo-Pacific, SE Polynesia, Hawaii
Habitat:-Abundant on intertidal benches, less common on subtidal coral reefs; some specimens dredged in 100 m.
Description:-Source Living Conidae C. sponsalis
Small to moderately small, moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl conical to broadly and ventricosely conical, rarely slightly pyriform; outline convex at adapical half and usually straight below. In large specimens, aperture often with a distinct spiral ridge at centre. Shoulder rounded to angulate, weakly to distinctly tuberculate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline concave to convex. Larval shell of 4-5 whorls (Taylor, 1975), maximum diameter about 0.7 mm. Postnuclear spire whorls finely tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave, with 1-4 spiral grooves, obsolete on late ramps. Last whorl with fine, granulose spiral ribs on basal half.
Ground colour white; in form nanus usually with a distinct blue shade. Usual pattern of last whorl consists of reddish brown axial flames arranged in 2 spiral rows. Flames often reduced in size or fuslng into bands. Base and basal part of columella purplish blue. Teleoconch sutural ramps with reddish to blackish brown blotches between tubercles. Aperture dark bluish violet deep within.
Shell Morphometry
L 15-34 mm
RW 0.08-0.26 g/mm
(L 15-30 mm)
RD 0.63-0.84
PMD 0.78-0.89
RSH 0.06-0.18
In form nanus pattern of last whorl either reduced to a few flecks and a small number of dotted and/or dashed spiral lines or completely absent; spire pattern either reduced to spots or dots between tubercles or completely absent; aperture with a light violet tone but with more pronounced brown and blue tones.
Discussion:-No Data

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Conus spurius Gmelin, 1791

Pictures:
Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Gualtieri (1742, pl. 21, fig. D)

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Radula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Syst. Nat. 13th ed., Vol. 1, pt, p. 3396
Ocean geography: West Atlantic and Caribbean
Type Locality: Virgin Islands designated by Vink
Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Gualtieri (1742, pl. 21, fig. D)
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Lindaconus Species:-spurius
Synonyms:- leoninus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792; proteus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792; leoninus Röding, 1798; ferugineus Röding, 1798; gualterianus Röding, 1798; syriacus Röding, 1798; ochraceus Lamarck, 1810; lorenzianus Dillwyn, 1817; paulina Kiener, 1845; lorenzianus Reeve, 1849; baylei Jousseaume, 1872; atlanticus Clench, 1942; aureofasciatus Rehder & Abbott, 1951
Geographic Range:-Florida, USA - Eastern Venezuela; W. Indies
Habitat:-Found on sand bars and grass covered flats in shallow water which is often turbid. Also dredged from sandy silt bottoms at depths of 30 to 40 m
Description:-Source Vink
A heavy shell, 40 to 80 mm, with low to moderate strongly concave sided spire. Body whorl straight to slightly convex, and smooth. In some populations distinct spiral ridges near the base which may cover nearly the whole body whorl.
Shoulder roundly angulate, spire whorls smooth with rounded margins, slightly stepped and concave above. Nucleus: 1.5 whorls; first 2 to 4 postnuclear whorls coronated, coronation gradually diminishing in subsequent whorls and often not apparent because of erosion. Animal cream-coloured, operculum ungulate and large, often longer than 1/3 of aperture height. Radula tooth with serration over 1/2 length of tooth and very short blade (Warmke, 1960). Periostracum light brown to red brown, mostly transparent but also thick and obscuring the contrasting colour pattern underneath. Body whorl white, occasionally with yellow bands, and spiral rows of orange-brown to black-brown spots.
The juveniles of C. spurius have limited swimming capacity; according to Bandel (1976: C. largillierti) C. spurius lorenzianus hatch as veliconcha. This has resulted in populations with differentiated pattern in adjacent geographic areas. The differential features of these populations, however, are not very pronounced, and the extent of divergence is not very constant. Although various authors (Walls, 1979; Coomans et al., 1981: 27) prefer to consider only one species C. spurius, I will recognize a number of subspecies because treatment of C. spurius as only one species obscures the fact that the variations in pattern are not found throughout the total range of the species. In typical C. spurius the spiral rows of spots are irregular , or regular with irregular groupings. Often lighter coloured maculations are superimposed on the spiral rows. The irregular groupings and maculations are arranged in two bands, one above and one below middle area. A colour form with large yellowish maculations was named C. ochraceus by Lamarck. The maculations can also form two nearly solid bands; Humfrey (1975: 173) mentions an entirely black specimen with a lighter narrow spiral band on the body whorl.
C. spurius could be confused with C. sennottorum and C. largillierti (which have the shoulder and early whorls carinate and not with rounded margins and concave above; also the colour pattern is different).
Discussion:-No Data

Conus spurius atlanticus Clench, 1942

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in MCZ Mike Filmer

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Johnsonia 1, p. 20, pl. 10, f. 1-3
Ocean geography: West Atlantic and Caribbean
Type Locality: Bonita Springs, Florida
Type Data: Holotype in MCZ deposited and catalogued
Type Size :48 x 27 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Subspecies of Conus spurius Gmelin, 1791
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Lindaconus Species:-spurius atlanticus subsp.
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-E Florida, USA - Mexico
Habitat:-Found on sand bars and grass covered flats in shallow water which is often turbid. Also dredged from sandy silt bottoms at depths of 30 to 40 m.
Description:-Source Vink
A heavy shell, 40 to 80 mm, with low to moderate strongly concave sided spire. Body whorl straight to slightly convex, and smooth. In some populations distinct spiral ridges near the base which may cover nearly the whole body whorl.
Shoulder roundly angulate, spire whorls smooth with rounded margins, slightly stepped and concave above. Nucleus: 1.5 whorls; first 2 to 4 postnuclear whorls coronated, coronation gradually diminishing in subsequent whorls and often not apparent because of erosion. Animal cream-coloured, operculum ungulate and large, often longer than 1/3 of aperture height. Radula tooth with serration over 1/2 length of tooth and very short blade (Warmke, 1960). Periostracum light brown to red brown, mostly transparent but also thick and obscuring the contrasting colour pattern underneath.
In C. spurius atlanticus the spiral rows of dots, squares or oblongs are always regular. Frequently adjoining rows coalesce to form the typical 'chinese alphabet' shapes. Coalescence to larger maculations can also be seen, however, these maculations are always within a number of well delimited bands, and not, as in typical C. spurius, covering broad areas above and below mid body. In specimens from the Campeche area in Yucatan, Mexico, rows of smaller black brown spots can be observed. Specimens from Sanibel Is. have a pattern with large blotches regularly disposed in a number of bands.
Discussion:-Tucker comments: Spuriconus spurius atlanticus has always been a diffuse concept among authors. Generally, the only distinguishing trait is that there are brown blotches overlaying the brown spots. Unfortunately this trait occurs in all of the northern races recognized by Vink (1985C). Vink cites records for this subspecies in Yucatan, Venezuela, and Sanibel Island, Florida, which overlaps ranges of nearly all the other subspecies.Tucker thinks the range should be limited to Florida and continental areas of the northern Gulf of Mexico. The range of S. s. spurius then should be limited to the central Caribbean. Vink presented no method that can be profitably used to distinguish these two subspecies and it t seems unlikely that one will be found. S. s. atlanticus possibly should be regarded as a synonym of S. s. spurius.

Conus spurius baylei Jousseaume, 1872

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Rev. Mag. Zool. 2, p. 198, pl. 18, f. 2
Ocean geography: West Atlantic and Caribbean
Type Locality: Designated north coast of S America.
Type Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 32 x 17 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Subspecies of Conus spurius Gmelin, 1791
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Lindaconus Species:- spurius baylei subsp.

Synonyms:- arubaensis Nowell-Usticke, 1968
Geographic Range:-In the Golfo de Venezuela, off the Guajira peninsula, Colombia, and off Aruba.
Habitat:-This subspecies is dredged in 10 to 20 m.
Description:-Source Original description.
A solid shell quite thick and shiny. On a white background there is a pattern of light fawn nebulous spots separated by equal sized spaces. The spots are in four groups each separated by a thin band of white. In the middle zones the spots are joined to form irregular blotches. A the shoulder there is double row of spots. The spire has transverse striae on the later whorls and no sign of spiral striae.
Discussion:-Vink expands the description C. spurius baylei has a pattern of spiral bands of large black or dark brown maculations. It resembles C. spurius atlanticus from Venezuela, but the spiral rows of dashes to delimit the bands are very faint or absent. His interpretation does not match the original description in terms of colour but agrees in the lack of dashes in the pattern.
Tucker comments: Spuriconus spurius baylei makes up the eastern end of the group of three southern subspecies. It like S. s. quadratus (sensu Vink) has minute ridges on the anterior half of the shell. Other than the ridges it is difficult to distinguish shells of this subspecies from those of the three northern subspecies. However, shells from the range laid out by Vink really do look different from those of the northern subspecies. This may be due to the more rounded slightly swollen shoulder that accompanies at strongly elevated and concave spire. The color markings of this southern subspecies are often distinctly black. Black coloration does not occur to any great degree in the northern subspecies.

Conus spurius lorenzianus Dillwyn, 1817

Pictures:
Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Chemnitz (1795, pl. 181, figs. 1754 & 1755)

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Descr. Cat. Rec. Shells I, p. 370
Ocean geography: West Atlantic and Caribbean
Type Locality: East Indian Seas, (Chemnitz), Coast of Africa (Lamarck), (both erroneous), corrected (Vink) Gulf of Morrosquillo, Colombia (East Coast).
Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Chemnitz (1795, pl. 181, figs 1754 & 1755)
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Subspecies of Conus spurius Gmelin, 1791
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Lindaconus Species:-spurius lorenzianus subsp.
Synonyms:- undatus Kiener, 1845; weinkauffii Löbbecke, 1882; phlogopus Tomlin, 1937
Geographic Range:-Colombia
Habitat:-Moderately deep
Description:-Source Vink
A heavy shell, 40 to 80 mm, with low to moderate strongly concave sided spire. Body whorl straight to slightly convex, and smooth. In some populations distinct spiral ridges near the base which may cover nearly the whole body whorl.
Shoulder roundly angulate, spire whorls smooth with rounded margins, slightly stepped and concave above. Nucleus: 1.5 whorls; first 2 to 4 postnuclear whorls coronated, coronation gradually diminishing in subsequent whorls and often not apparent because of erosion. Animal cream-coloured, operculum ungulate and large, often longer than 1/3 of aperture height. Radula tooth with serration over 1/2 length of tooth and very short blade (Warmke, 1960). Periostracum light brown to red brown, mostly transparent but also thick and obscuring the contrasting colour pattern underneath.
C. spurius lorenzianus has a pattern of undulating longitudinal chocolate brown or yellowish brown stripes, regularly interrupted so that one or more transverse white bands become evident. There is always such a white band at the shoulder .
Discussion:-Tucker comments: As noted above this is one of three southern subspecies. It occurs between Spuriconus spurius quadratus (invalid name sensu Vink, Fig. 18) to the west and S. s. baylei to the east. Ridges that extend the full length of the body whorl are the hallmark of this subspecies. Such ridges only reach midbody in S. s. quadratus and S. s. baylei. In the northern subspecies ridges are pretty well limited to the anterior third of the body whorl. The subspecies S. s. quadratus and S. s. baylei may be intergrade populations between the northern subspecies and S. s. lorenzianus.

Conus spurius f. ochraceus Lamarck, 1810

Pictures:.
Picture Link: Lectotype in MNHN Mike Filmer

Published in: Ann. du Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) xv, p. 275
Ocean geography: West Atlantic and Caribbean
Type Locality: None
Type Data: Lectotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 42 x 25 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus spurius Gmelin, 1791
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Lindaconus Species:-spurius ochraceus forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Jamaica
Habitat:-Not known
Description:-Source Vink
A heavy shell, 40 to 80 mm, with low to moderate strongly concave sided spire. Body whorl straight to slightly convex, and smooth. In some populations distinct spiral ridges near the base which may cover nearly the whole body whorl.
Shoulder roundly angulate, spire whorls smooth with rounded margins, slightly stepped and concave above. Nucleus: 1.5 whorls; first 2 to 4 postnuclear whorls coronated, coronation gradually diminishing in subsequent whorls and often not apparent because of erosion. Animal cream-coloured, operculum ungulate and large, often longer than 1/3 of aperture height. Radula tooth with serration over 1/2 length of tooth and very short blade (Warmke, 1960). Periostracum light brown to red brown, mostly transparent but also thick and obscuring the contrasting colour pattern underneath.
C. ochraceus is a form of C. spurius with large yellowish maculations as found for instance in Jamaica.
Discussion:-No Data

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Conus stahlschmidti Tenorio & Tucker, 2014

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Germany Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Xenophora Taxonomy, P. 36-41, Fig. 2, Pl. 1
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Pasir Tengah Atoll, in the Togian Islands, Sulawesi, Indonesia
Type Data: Holotype in SFM deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 10,5 x 4.0 mm
Nomenclature: An available Name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAE
Genus:-Profundiconus Species:-stahlschmidti
Synonyms:-
Geographic Range:-Only found in the type locality
Habitat:-In shell grit in 10 – 15 depth
Description:-Original Description
Shell shape is elongated conical. This is a very small species. Mean shell length was 9.1 mm. Despite this it has a narrow shell, mean shell width was 4.1 mm (standard deviation = 1.38, N = 18). The spire is high, relatively elevated, but not scalariform except in the first 2 or 3 whorls. The spire is conical in profile with the whorl tops sloping at about a 20º angle. Except for the first few whorls the whorl tops are flat in cross section. The whorl tops in whorl one are concave due to the presence of a distinct sulcus. This whorl has two cords. Whorls two through four have three to four cords on the whorl tops. These fade slightly in the outer whorls. Nodules are present on whorl one. These have longitudinal bars on the whorl tops that reach across the whorl tops to the suture with the protoconch whorls. These bars are gone by whorl two. The nodules become smaller and are located along an indistinct carina. The sides of the shell are convex. The shell is widest just anterior to the shoulder angle. The body whorl is ornamented with small closely spaced ridges that are minutely pustulose. These reach the shoulder angle. The protoconch is white, large, almost bulbous, but includes only 1.5 whorls. The maximum diameter measured for the protoconch is 0.92 mm (Figure 2). The posterior notch is shallow but it is present as a shallow C-shaped notch. There is no anterior notch.

The color pattern is variable. The ground color ranges from white to cream colored. The color markings are brown. They consist of two spiral rows of blotches. These may be separated

or they may be fused into irregular bands. One set is located anterior to midbody the other is posterior to midbody. The anterior portion of the shell is not colored. The markings on the subsutural ramps are also variable. They are the same shade of brown as those on the body whorl. The markings on the whorl tops seldom cross the shoulder angle. The interior of the aperture is porcelanous white, although brownish blotches corresponding to elements of the external pattern of the shell can be visible by transparence, specially in the smallest specimens. The periostracum and operculum were not observed.
Discussion:-

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Conus stainforthii Reeve, 1843

Pictures:
Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Conch Icon (1843, Pl. 1 sp. 1a, b)

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon.. I, Conus pl. 1, sp. 1
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Not known
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym form of Conus moluccensis Küster, 1838
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Fulgiconus Species:-moluccensis stainforthii forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Is.
Habitat:-In 20-240 m, in or on sand bottom but also reported from coral rubble
Description:-
The name C. stainforthii applies to a heavily sculptured variant. Form stainforthii with variably spaced granulose spiral ribs from base to shoulder; grooves between with an adapical spiral thread.
Discussion:-No Data

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Conus stanchinensis Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2016

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in MMM Cupra Marittima

Published in:
Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West Africa
Type Locality:
Type Data: Holotype in MMM deposited and catalogued
Type Size:
Nomenclature: An available name
Taxonomy: A synonym of trochulus Reeve, 1844; see Discussion
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Trovaoconus Species:-stanchinensis Cossignani & Fiadeiro, 2016
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-
Habitat:-
Description:-

Discussion:-

Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae)

based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation Tenorio, Abalde, Pardos-Blas & Zardoya 2020

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Conus stanfieldi Petuch, 1998

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in FMNH C. Meyer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: La Conchiglia xxx, no. 287, p. 35, figs.
Ocean geography: West Atlantic and Caribbean
Type Locality: Off Paradise Is., N. of New Providence Is., Bahamas
Type Data: Holotype in FMNH deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 33 x 19 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species; according to Filmer a synonym form of Conus jucundus Sowerby iii, 1887
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:- Purpuriconus Species:- stanfieldi
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Bahamas
Habitat:-Collected in 6- 7m depth on hardpan bottom with dense algal cover in areas of strong, continuous current.
Description:-Source original description
Shell average-sized-to-large for subgenus, inflated, broad across shoulder, smooth with high polish; body faintly sculpted with 8-10 slightly impressed spiral threads; spire low, with only early whorls projecting; shoulder slightly rounded, undulating, obsoletely coronated, edged with 14- 16 very low, elongated knobs; spire whorl area between suture and peripheral knobs slightly canaliculate; anterior end of shell ornamented with 6-8 large cords; shell color bright orange with wide, amorphous mid-body band of whitish-pink and scattered large whitish-pink patches below shoulder; spire whorls orange with scattered, irregular large pinkish-white flammules; protoconch and early whorls bright yellow; interior of aperture orange; occasional specimens uniformly bright orange, without white patches and mid- body band.
Discussion:-Of the Bahamian Purpuriconus species, Conus stanfieldi is most similar to C. jucundus Sowerby, 1887, especially in size and general shell shape. The new species differs from the orange coloured variants of the normally green or brown C. jucundus in having stronger and more numerous knobs on the shoulder and spire whorls, in being a much smoother shell that lacks any raised or beaded cords on the main shell body, in lacking the wide, well-defined brown and white checkered mid-body band, and in lacking brown hairline flammules on the body and large brown flammules on the spire. The two species also have different ecological preferences, with C. jucundus living under coral slabs on living coral reefs in relatively quiet water, and with C. stanfieldi living on exposed hardpan bottoms that are densely covered with algae, in areas of strong currents.
Tucker assigns to Magellanicus complex.

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Conus stearnsii Conrad, 1869

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in ANSP Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Amer. Jour. Conch. 5, p. 104, pl. x, f. 1
Ocean geography: West Atlantic and Caribbean
Type Locality: Oyster Bar, Pine Key, near Tampa, Florida
Type Data: Holotype in ANSP deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 18 x 8 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAE
Genus:-Jaspidiconus Species:-stearnsii
Synonyms:- sticticus A. Adams, 1854
Geographic Range:-W. Florida
Habitat:-Intertidal zones mud and grassy areas
Description:-Source Vink
A slender shell, 15 to 25 mm, with straight-sides to slightly concave, stepped spire and rather straight-sided body whorl. Tops of the whorls flat, shoulder of body whorl sharply angled with in most specimens a flattened rim. Lower half of the body whorl with 10 to 13 fine, incised lines. Most specimens from the west coast of Florida are dirty white to grey with irregular areas of light to dark brown blotches. Furthermore spiral lines of milky white dashes and dots. Specimens from Key West are light brown with spiral lines of dark brown and white dashes. Spire with a few axial brown markings, forming small brown spots on the margin, which are more or less evenly disposed.
Discussion:-C. stearnsii could be confused with C. acutimarginatus and C. pealii (which both, in adult specimens are less slender, with the regularly spaced grooves extending from the base to the shoulder).
Tucker comments: Jaspidiconus stearnsii is an elongated form. The regularly spaced interrupted spiral lines of dark dashes and opaque white dashes are characteristic. These markings are thin and discrete even as they cross lighter colored areas.

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Conus stercusmuscarum Linnaeus, 1758

Pictures:
Picture Link: Lectotype in LSL Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Radula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Systema Naturae 10th ed., 1, p. 715
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Asia
Type Data: Lectotype in LSL deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 37 x 20 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Textilia Species:-stercusmuscarum
Synonyms:- arenatus Röding, 1798; sabella Röding, 1798
Geographic Range:-Japan to Marshall Is. and to Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Is.; probably also Fiji.
Habitat:-Intertidal and uppermost subtidal; in sand and beneath corals.
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Medium-sized to moderately large, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl usually conoid-cylindrical to nearly cylindrical or slightly ovate, outline slightly convex. Siphonal fasciole prominent. Shoulder sharply angulate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline straight to slightly convex. Larval shell multispiral, maximum diameter about 0.6 mm. First 3 postnuclear whorls weakly tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat in early whorls, concave in late whorls, with 2 increasing to 3-4 spiral grooves. Last whorl with regularly spaced, broad spiral ribs, distinct basally but obsolete adapically.
Ground colour white to pale grey. Last whorl with spiral rows of irregularly alternating blackish brown dots and white dashes or bars. Dark dots clustered into patches forming 2 interrupted spiral bands of both sides of centre. Larval whorls pink. Teleoconch sutural ramps with blackish brown markings along inner and outer margins, partially connected across the ramps. Aperture orange deep within.
Shell Morphometry
L 40-64 mm
RW 0.21-0.35 g/mm
(L 40-56 mm)
RD 0.48-0.63
PMD 0.71-0.78
RSH 0.07-0.18
Discussion:-C. stercusmuscarum is very similar to C. arenatus in colour pattern but differs markedly in its conoid-cylindrical to ovate and generally narrower last whorl, non-tuberculate late teleoconch whorls. and pink larval shell.

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Conus stigmaticus A. Adams, 1854

Pictures:
Picture Link: Syntype in NHMUK Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, p. 119
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: New Caledonia (dubious)
Type Data: Syntype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 46.5 x 22.5 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species; see Revision by Mike Filmer Visaya (2012)
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Asprella Species:- stigmaticus
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Thailand
Habitat:-Sand offshore
Description:-Western Pacific Australia
Ghost Cone due to see through colours.
Light in weight, with a good gloss; ovate, the sides convex; body whorl with widely spaced spiral grooves extending to midbody, leaving broad flat ribs; shoulder roundly angled, flat above; spire low, early whorls forming small sharp cone; spire whorls flat/convex above, early whorl weakly carinate; body whorl white cream, with very variable pattern of usually axial irregular blotches of black,orange, bright yellow, tan, reddish brown, the blotches tending to concentrate in three vague bands; spiral rows of fine brown dots usually present; base white cream;spire whitish marked with streaks of body color; early whorls white; aperture wide, widening; outer lip thin,sharp,convex; mouth white, occasionally yellow to bluish white; columella long narrow bounded by low ridge;
Discussion:- see Revision by Mike Filmer Visaya (2012). This species is whas was called Conus collisus by collectors, researchers and dealers.

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Conus stillatus Reeve, 1849

Pictures:
Picture Link: Figure Conch. Icon., pl. 5, f. 247

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, Suppl. pl. v, sp. 247
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Moluccas
Type Data: Holotype was in collection Cuming and currently assumed to be lost
Type Size: 36 x 20 mm figure
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus spectrum Linnaeus, 1758
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Asprella Species:-spectrum stillatus forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Philippines - Australia
Habitat:-Sand offshore
Description:- C. stillatus: Last whorl with fine dark brown axial lines.
Discussion:-No Data

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Conus stimpsoni Dall, 1902

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Mike Filmer

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. xxiv, p. 503, pl. 29, f. 7
Ocean geography: West Atlantic and Caribbean
Type Locality: Off Key West, Florida
Type Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 37 x 18 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Conasprelloides Species:-stimpsoni
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-E Florida, USA - Yucatan, Mexico
Habitat:-Deep waterat depths of 50-150 m
Description:-Source Vink
A moderately heavy shell, 25 to 50 mm., biconical, with straight-sided, rather high spire and straight- sided body whorl with a narrow base. Shoulder angulate, body whorl with rather widely spaced spiral grooves, more close-set near the base and often obsolete below the shoulder . Tops of the spire whorls rather flat with about 4 spiral ridges sometimes obsolete on later whorls. Nucleus: 1.5 whorls; first three to four postnuclear whorls weakly nodulose. operculum very small. Periostracum thick, yellowish brown. Colour pale salmon with somewhat darker bands below the shoulder, near mid- body, where also dark maculation& may be present. Below this darker mid-body is often a distinctly white band.
Discussion:-C. stimpsoni could be confused with C. cancellatus (which mostly is more pyriform with low rounded wavy spiral ridges of irregular size) and C. sennottorum (which has a distinctly tumip-shaped body whorl and strongly concave-sided spire).

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Conus stimpsonorum Cossignani & Allary, 2019

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN

Published in: Malacologia Mostra Mondiale N. 104
Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West Africa
Type Locality: Les Almandies [sic], Dakar, Senegal
Type Data: Lectotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 35.52 mm
Nomenclature: An available name
Taxonomy: A synonym of Conus mercator Linnaeus, 1758; see Discussion

Discussion:

Taxonomic revision of West African cone snails (Gastropoda: Conidae)

based upon mitogenomic studies: implications for conservation Tenorio, Abalde, Pardos-Blas & Zardoya 2020

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Conus stocki Coomans & Moolenbeek, 1990

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Bijdr. Dierkd. 60, p. 257, pl. 1, f. 1 & 2
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Oman Masirah Island beach
Type Data: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 37 x 16.3 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONILITHIDAE SubFamily:-CONILITHINAE
Genus:-Fusiconus Species:-stocki
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Gulf of Oman; Pakistan
Habitat:-Shallow subtidal, among stones
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Moderately small to medium-sized, moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl usually conical, outline almost straight or slightly convex adapically. Shoulder angulate. Spire of moderate height, outline concave. Larval shell of 1.75-2 whorls, maximum diameter 0.9-1 mm. First 1-4 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps slightly concave to concave, with closely set radial threads and 0-2 increasing to 2-4 spiral grooves, grading to many spiral striae on latest ramps. Last whorl with rather regularly spaced, axially striate spiral grooves from base to centre, separated by ribs at base and by ribbons above.
Ground colour grey or bluish grey. Last whorl with confluent brown axial clouds and flames, often forming incomplete spiral bands within basal third and near centre, and sometimes below shoulder. Spiral rows of brown dots and dashes extend from base to subshoulder area, separated by regularly intermittent white markmgs in most rows, less so toward base. Base and basal part of columella brown. Larval whorls and about first 1-2 teleoconch sutural ramps brown. Following ramps usually with brown radial streaks or blotches, separating into variably set dots at inner margins and sometimes extending across outer margins. Aperture brown, darker at anterior end.
Shell Morphometry
L 28-45 mm
RW 0.07-0.10 g/mm
RD 0.50-0.58
PMD 0.84-0.93
RSH 0.11-0.18
Discussion:- C. stocki looks like C. dictator and C. lentiginosus in its brown anterior end of the last whorl, aperture and larval whorls. C. lentiginosus has a more solid shell with a more convex and broader last whorl (RD 0.60-0.69) and a higher spire (RSH 0.18-0.24). C. dictator also has a higher spire (RSH 0.17-0.26), and the dotted spiral lines on its last whorl lack white markings. C. traversianus also differs in its narrower, less ventricose last whorl (RD 0.45-0.48; PMD 0.88-0.96), lighter colouration, and less speckled pattern.

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Conus stramineus Lamarck, 1810

Pictures:
Picture Link: Neotype in MNHN Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Ann. du Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) xv, p. 273
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Ocean asiatique (?)
Type Data: Neotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 34 x 16 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Asprella Species:-stramineus
Synonyms:- alveolus Sowerby ii, 1833; fuscomaculatus Smith, 1877

Geographic Range:-Indonesia
Habitat:-Shallow water
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Medium-sized, moderately solid. Last whorl ventricosely conical, occasionally conical, generally narrow in; outline convex adapically, less so to straight below; left side may be concave just above base. Aperture slightly wider at base than near shoulder . Shoulder angulate to subangulate, sometimes rounded. Spire usually low, outline concave. Larval shell of 2.25-2.5 whorls, maximum diameter 0.6-0.8 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly convex, occasionally slightly concave in late whorls, with 0 increasing to 3-7 spiral grooves; latest ramps may have additional spiral striae. Last whorl with spiral grooves on basal fourth to third, occasionally to centre; ribbons between broad posteriorly, narrower and alternating with wide grooves anteriorly.
Ground colour white to bluish grey. Last whorl with rather regular spiral rows of yellowish or reddish brown dots, spots and bars that are also mostly aligned axially; markings fuse into discontinuous spiral bands below shoulder and above centre. Last whorl pattern similar but with an additional spiral band within basal third, and markings seldom aligned axially. Siphonal fasciole white to pale . Larval whorls and a few adjacent postnuclear sutural ramps white to brown.Following sutural ramps solid brown or with variably discrete radial streaks and blotches. Aperture light to dark or brownish violet.
Discussion:-C. stramineus resembles C. iodostoma, C. sertacinctus, C. zebra, and C. zapatosensis. C. iodostoma differs in having its last whorl more finely patterned, with few to many rows of reddish brown dots and sometimes with wavy axial lines forming an irregular network. Its spiral rows lack the larger dots and bars of C. stramineus. C. sertacinctus is a somewhat smaller species (to 40 mm); its last whorl has beige background shades and lacks the predominant pattern of regular spiral rows of brown dots, spots and bars characteristic of C. stramineus. C. stramineus can be also distinguished by its usually narrower last whorl (RD 0.51-0.56 vs. 0.53-0.64) and its solid brown postnuclear sutural ramps. C. nisus Sowerby II was renamed C. stramineus amplus by Röckel and Korn (1992), as a geographic subspecies of C. stramineus (Röckel, 1987b). However, this subspecies had already been described in 1936 as C. mulderi. C. alveolus and C. fuscomaculatus are synonyms of C. sstramineus.

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Conus straturatus Sowerby ii, 1865

Pictures:
Picture Link: Syntype in NHMUK Mike Filmer

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 518, pl. 32, f .14
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Borneo
Type Data: Syntype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued
Type Size:
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: a valid species: see revision by Mike Filmer Visaya (2012)
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Asprella Species:- straturatus
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-
Habitat:-No Data
Description:-Redescription Visaya 2012 Mike filmer

Obconic shell; spire low to medium and concave in outline; protoconch is high and white; the spire is off-white to ivory with a variable number of pale orange-brown bars which are curved and radially aligned; sutures are very even and slightly raised at the outer edge; shoulder is acute to angulate; body whorl is almost straight in outline and has a dull shine; there are a number of spiral grooves at the base extending to the centre or above, only occasionally reaching the shoulder; these are quite wide and well separated but there are some irregular much smaller spiral grooves on the interstices between the larger grooves, these are only found near the base; ground color is off-white with irregular very pale orange-brown blotches and flecks which tend to be axially aligned and tend to form 2-3 vague bands; much variation of these maculations in some specimens; interior of the aperture is white.

Discussion:-No Data

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Conus striatellus Link, 1807

Pictures:
Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Chemnitz (1788, pl. 138, fig. 1285)

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Radula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Besch. Nat.-Samml. Univ. Rostock, 3e Abth., p. 103
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: None; designated (Wils) Diego Suarez, Madagascar
Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Chemnitz (1788, pl. 138 fig. 1285)
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Vituliconus Species:-striatellus
Synonyms:- lictor Boivin, 1864; pulchrelineatus Hopwood, 1921; granulosus Barros e Cunha, 1933;
Geographic Range:-Natal to Red Sea and to Japan and Fiji; absent from Australia
Habitat:-Intertidal to about 20 m; on sand, often with algae or mixed with coral rubble.
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Medium-sized to large, moderately solid to solid; relative weight may vary by 50 % in specimens of similar size. Last whorl conical, ventricosely conical or conoid-cylindrical; outline almost straight to convex. Shoulder angulate. Spire of low to moderate height, outline slightly concave to straight. Larval shell multispiral, maximum diameter 0.7-0.9 mm. Earliest postnuclear whorls weakly tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, often slightly concave in late whorls, with 1-2 increasing to 4-6 spiral grooves. Last whorl with weak, often granulose spiral ribs on basal third, widely spaced adapically.
Ground colour white. Last whorl with a continuous or interrupted, variably broad tan to dark brown spiral band on each side of centre. Ground-colour bands between usually crossed by darker brown axial flammules that often intersect colour bands. Occasionally, colour bands and flammules fuse, leaving only a narrow discontinuous median band. Closely spaced, dotted, dashed or solid brown spiral lines extend from base to shoulder, sometimes restricted to brown bands and rarely absent. Base yellowish to dark brown, contrasting with lighter adjacent area. Apex yellowish grey. Late sutural ramps tesselated with dark brown. Aperture white to cream.
Shell Morphometry
L 40-90 mm
RW 0.20-0.75 g/mm
RD 0.53-0.66
PMD 0.82-0.91
RSH 0.06-0.16
Discussion:-C. ferrugineus differs in its fewer and more widely spaced spiral lines on the last whorl, cream to yellowish brown ground colour, and its thinner, translucent and tufted periostracum. C. planorbis is distinguished by the violet-brown colour of the anterior end of its aperture and the usually more widely spaced spiral lines on its last whorl. Neither of these two species has shells with a conoid-cylindrical last whorl.
C. lictor refers to a colour variant with only a scattered axially streaked pattern.

Conus striatellus f. lictor Boivin, 1864

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in Boivin collection J. Conchyl. pl.1, f. 1 & 2
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: J. Conchyl. 12, p. 36, pl. I, f. 1 & 2
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Not known.
Type Data: Holotype was in Boivin collection and currently assumed to be lost
Type Size: 40 x 20 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus striatellus Link, 1807
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Vituliconus Species:-striatellus lictor forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-
Habitat:-Intertidal to about 20 m; on sand, often with algae or mixed with coral rubble.
Description:-Source Living Conidae
C. lictor refers to a colour variant with only a scattered axially streaked pattern.
Discussion:-No Data

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Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758

Pictures:
Picture Link: Lectotype in LSL Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Radula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Living Animal: David Massemin Tahiti

Published in: Systema Naturae 10th ed., 1, p. 716
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Hitoe, Oceano Africano (erroneous), (Ambon, Indonesia)
Type Data: Lectotype in LSL deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 62 x 31 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Pionoconus Species:-striatus
Synonyms:- leoninus [Lightfoot], 1786; floridus Sowerby ii, 1858; chusaki da Motta, 1978; subfloridus da Motta, 1985; oahuensis Tucker, Tenorio, Chaney, 2011; juliaallaryae Cossignani, 2013
Geographic Range:-South Africa to Red Sea, Hawaii, and French Polynesia
Habitat:-From 1-50m, usually in sand on coral reef, often beneath rocks and dead coral slabs
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Medium-sized to large, solid to heavy; forms floridus and subfloridus usually moderately large and solid. Last whorl narrowly conoid-cylindrical to conoid-cylindrical, narrowly cylindrical to cylindrical, or ventricosely conical to ovate; outline from almost evenly convex to almost straight and nearly parallel-sided centrally, generally straight just below shoulder. In form floridus, last whorl usually ovate. Aperture wider at base than near shoulder. Shoulder sharply angulate to sharply carinate. Spire of low to moderate height; outline concave to slightly convex or slightly sigmoid, stepped, less so in form subfloridus. Larval shell of about 3.5 whorls, maximum diameter 0.7-0.8 mm. First 3-5 postnuclear whorls tuberculate, following whorls angulate to sharply angulate, usually only last 1-2 whorls carinate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, slightly concave to concave in latest whorls, with 0-1 increasing to 3-7 spiral grooves; spiral sculpture generally weaker on latest ramps, very weak in form subfloridus. Last whorl with closely spaced, generally fine spiral ribs on basal third, finer and obsolete above, occasionally persisting to shoulder; siphonal fasciole with distinct spiral ribs except for very weak ribs in form subfloridus.
Typical form with white ground colour, often suffused with shades of grey, blue, pink and violet. Last whorl with brown to black flecks, blotches, flames and axial streaks containing solid, dashed or dotted darker spiral lines and usually concentrated in 2 interrupted to solid spiral bands, above and below centre. Almost immaculate white shells intergrade with heavily patterned shells; striate colour markings often fuse into broad coalescing spiral bands or form a coarse network. Form floridus with white ground colour. Last whorl clouded or spirally banded with shades of pink, orange, brown, or violet. Spirally aligned brown markings occur on each side of centre, are less prominent below shoulder, and vary in number, size and shape; maculation generally sparser than in typical form. Brown spiral lines extending from siphonal fasciole to shoulder, more prominent within background clouds and bands, coarse and very dark within brown markings; spiral lines sometimes partially restricted to these markings but even in otherwise immaculate shells traceable within some ground-colour zones. Form subfloridus with white ground colour, variably suffused with pale purple to bluish violet. Last whorl with spirally aligned yellowish to dark reddish brown spots, blotches and axial streaks within basal third, adapical third, and sometimes below shoulder. Brown markings often contain darker brown spiral lines and sometimes also wavy darker brown axial lines. Pattern usually sparse, occasionally absent. In typical form, siphonal fasciole white to cream, with variably spaced very fine brown axial lines; form subfloridus without these lines, form floridus with dotted and dashed lines on white ground. Larval whorls and about first postnuclear sutural ramp orange; in Hawaii, larval whorls pale pink before metamorphosis (Perron, 1981a); in form subfloridus, larval whorls and about first 3 postnuclear sutural ramps pale brown to pink. Following sutural ramps with yellowish to blackish brown radial lines, streaks and blotches, the latter often containing darker axial lines. Aperture white to bluish white, occasionally cream deep within; white to beige in form subfloridus; in form floridus, orange deep within.
Shell Morphometry
L 55-129 mm (- form floridus 57-129 mm; - form subfloridus 60-88 mm)
RW 0.24-1.10 g/mm (L 55-111 mm; - form floridus 0.30-0.60g/mm (L57-76 mm); - form subfloridus 0.24-0.71 g/mm (L 60-86 mm))
RD 0.47-0.62 (- form floridus 0.52- 0.59; - form subfloridus 0.47-0.55)
PMD 0.70-0.82 (- form floridus 0.69-0.76; - form subfloridus 0.71-0.79)
RSH 0.00-0.14 (- form floridus 0.09-0.15; - form subfloridus 0.06-0.13)
Discussion:-C. gubernator is most similar to C. striatus, with which it broadly co-occurs. C. striatus is distinguished by more cylindrical or ovate last whorl (PMD 0.69- 0.82) and its larval shell of about 3.5 (vs. 2.75) whorls. Its typical form and form floridus differ also in the prominent spiral lines on the last whorl.
C. floridus (syn. C. chusaki) and C. subfloridus are sometimes regarded as conspecific with each other but separate from C. striatus (Richard, 1990), while other authors consider C. floridus to represent only a slight variant of C. striatus (E. A. Smith, 1884). RKK provisionally consider both to be ecological variants of C. striatus from deeper subtidal habitats. In W. Thailand, where all three occur sympatrically, they are very similar in shell shape, sculpture and colour pattern.

Conus striatus f. chusaki da Motta, 1978

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Natural Study (Thai). 2, no. 1. seq. 7, p. 8, figs.
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Off Raya Is., Phuket, Thailand; 80-120 ft.
Type Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 65 x 30 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym of Conus floridus Sowerby ii, 1858 which is a synonym of Conus striatus L. 1758
Current Group Names:-
Not appropriate for the name chusaki

Conus striatus juliaallaryae Cossignani, 2013

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Cossignani

Published in: Malacologia 80, p. 26-27, with pictures
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Djibouti, sand and rocks
Type Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 55,95 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym of Conus striatus L. 1758
Current Group Names:-

Conus striatus oahuensis Tucker, Tenorio, Chaney, 2011

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in SBMNH Manolo Tenorio

Picture Link: Paratype 7 Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Hawaii The Sea Shells Addendum
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Oahu, Hawaii
Type Data: Holotype in SBMNH deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 106.8 x 50.9 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Subspecies of Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Pionoconus Species:-striatus oahuensis subsp.
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Hawaii
Habitat:-No Data
Description:-Source Original description
Morphometric pararneters: L = 55 to 129 mm (mean 98 mm); RD = 0.44 to 0.54 (mean 0.48); RSH = 0.00 to 0.12 (mean 0.04); PMD = 0.76 to 0.82 (mean 0.76). Shell large to very large. The last whorl is narrowly conoid-cylindrical, with an almost straight outline, very often with nearly parallel sides specially in larger specimens. The general appearance is more elongated than the nominate subspecies. The shoulder is smooth and sharply carinate. The spire is low or very low, with a spire outline concave to extremely concave. The spire is very often depressed below the shoulder. This is a feature characteristic of this subspecies. The early teleoconch sutural rarnps are flat, concave in latest whorls. The spire whorls have cords becoming obsolete in latest rarnps. The siphonal fasciole bears distinct spiral ribs. The protoconch is pale pink. The ground color of the shell is pinkish white. The spire is pattemed with brown and white blotches. The color pattem ofthe last whorl is very much like in the nominate subspecies, consisting of brown or purplish brown blotches composed of closely spaced transverse lines. The aperture is white. The periostracum is thin, yellow, smooth and translucent.
Discussion:-The shell is narrower and more elongate than nominal subspecies.

Conus striatus f . subfloridus da Motta, 1985

Pictures:.
Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer

Published in: La Conchiglia xvii, no. 190-191, p. 27, f. 4a-b
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Gulf of Mannar, Between India and Sri Lanka
Type Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 76.2 x 35.3 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym form of Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Pionoconus Species:-striatus subfloridus forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Gulf of Mannar, Coromandel Coast and W. Thailand
Habitat:-From 1-50 m, usually in sand on coral reef, often beneath rocks and dead coral slabs
Description:-See above
Discussion:-No Data

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Conus striolatus Kiener, 1845

Pictures:
Picture Link: Figure Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv., pl. 105, f. 1

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv. 2, p. 266, pl. 105, f. 1
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Designated Rua Sura, Solomons
Type Data: Holotype was in collection Bernardi and currently assumed to be lost
Type Size: 28 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Pionoconus Species:-striolatus
Synonyms:- decurtata Dautzenberg, 1910; morrisoni Raybaudi G. (Massilia), 1991
Geographic Range:-W. Thailand to Micronesia, Taiwan to Queensland; probably also Seychelles
Habitat:-Intertidal and upper subtidal, on muddy sand
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Moderately small to medium-sized, moderately solid. Last whorl usually ventricosely conical to ovate; outline variably convex. Shoulder angulate to almost rounded. Spire of moderate height, outline straight to slightly convex. Larval shell multispiral, maximum diameter about 0.7 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to concave, with 2 increasing to 4-6 spiral grooves. Last whorl with widely spaced spiral ribs at base.
Ground colour pale grey to pale tan. Last whorl with olive or brown axial clouds, emphasized by bordering bluegrey background clouds, fusing into an interrupted or continuous spiral band on each side of centre. Spiral rows of alternating brown to black and white dots and dashes extend from base to shoulder. In some specimens, clouds absent from last whorl. Larval whorls pink to orange. Late sutural ramps with tan to olive radial streaks and blotches. Aperture white to bluish white.
Shell Morphometry
L 25-40 mm
RW 0.10-0.27 g/mm
RD 0.61-0.67
PMD 0.71-0.80
RSH 0.12-0.19
The figure of the typical specimen is white with spiral rows of yellowish brown dots, some forming two loose bands. There are no clouds.
Red specimens from the Ashmore reef were described as C. morrisoni.
Discussion:-C. achatinus is larger (40-82 mm), often with a narrower last whorl (RD 0.54-0.69) and less regular colour pattern, and with distinctly tuberculate early postnuclear whorls. C. monachus is also larger, blue clouds and blotches dominate its last whorl, and its larval shell is brown.
The type figure of C. striolatus depicts a colour form lacking olive clouds on the last whorl. C. striolatus has been an enigmatic species, often assigned to C. magus, C. achatinus, or C. monachus. It has also been considered a valid species, under the names 'C. ranunculus Hwass' (a synonym of C. achatinus), 'C. vinctus A. Adams' (a synonym of C. monachus), 'C. nigropunctatus Sowerby III (a variant of C. catus), and 'C. decurtatus Dautzenberg' (a synonym of C. striolatus). Coomans et al. (1985b) substantiated the validity and established the correct name.

Conus striolatus f. decurtata Dautzenberg, 1910

Pictures:
Picture Link: Lectotype in IRSN Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: J. Conchyl. 58, p. 26
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Rua-Sura, Solomon Is.
Type Data: Lectotype in IRSN deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 28.5 x 16.7 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym form of Conus striolatus Kiener, 1845
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Pionoconus Species:-striolatus decurtata forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-W Thailand - Micronesia; Taiwan - Queensland; Seychelles
Habitat:-Intertidal and upper subtidal, on muddy sand
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Moderately small to medium-sized, moderately solid. Last whorl usually ventricosely conical to ovate; outline variably convex. Shoulder angulate to almost rounded. Spire of moderate height, outline straight to slightly convex. Larval shell multispiral, maximum diameter about 0.7 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to concave, with 2 increasing to 4-6 spiral grooves. Last whorl with widely spaced spiral ribs at base.
Ground colour pale grey to pale tan. Last whorl with olive or brown axial clouds, emphasized by bordering blue grey background clouds, fusing into an interrupted or continuous spiral band on each side of centre. Spiral rows of alternating brown to black and white dots and dashes extend from base to shoulder. In some specimens, clouds absent from last whorl. Larval whorls pink to orange. Late sutural ramps with tan to olive radial streaks and blotches. Aperture white to bluish white.
Shell Morphometry
L 25-40 mm
RW 0.10-0.27 g/mm
RD 0.61-0.67
PMD 0.71-0.80
RSH 0.12-0.19
The figure of the typical specimen is white with spiral rows of yellowish brown dots, some forming two loose bands. There are no clouds.
The type of C. decurtata has a white ground colour with irregular greyish axial clouds and many spiral rows of brown and white dashes.
Discussion:-No Data

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Conus striolatus f. morrisoni Raybaudi G. (Massilia), 1991

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer

Published in: La Conchiglia xxii, no. 260, p. 20, f, p. 21, 22, f. 5, p. 23, f. 3, p
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Ashmore Reef, NW Australia (12deg 20' S 112deg E)
Type Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 27.5 x 16 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus striolatus Kiener, 1845
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Pionoconus Species:-striolatus morrisoni forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Timor Sea, W. Australia
Habitat:-No Data
Description:-
C. morrisoni is considered form of C. catus in RKK.
Red specimens from the Ashmore reef were described as C. morrisoni.
Discussion:-No Data

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Conus stupa Kuroda, 1956

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in THTA Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Venus vol. xix, no. 1, p. 1., pl. 1, f. 1
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Off Tosa, Japan; ca. 100 fathoms
Type Data: Holotype in THTA deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 100 x 48 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Kurodaconus Species:-stupa
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Philippines - Japan; Solomons; Loyalty Islands
Habitat:-Found at depths of 150-450 m
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Moderately large to large, solid. Last whorl ventricosely conical, broadly and ventricosely conical or pyriform; outline convex at adapical two-thirds, straight to concave below; left side consistently sigmoid. Shoulder angulate to subangulate, approaching rounded in very large shells. Spire high, stepped, outline slightly concave. First 8-12 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Early teleoconch sutural ramps flat to concave, with 2-3 spiral grooves; late ramps deeply concave with a weak spiral striation. Last whorl with weak spiral ribs at base.
Groundcolour white. Last whorl with about 7-13 reddish brown dotted spiral lines. Irregular, reddish to dark brown flecks often form an interrupted spiral band above centre. Teleoconch sutural ramus with a variable number of brown radial streaks and blotches extending across outer margins onto steps. Aperture white.
Shell Morphometry
L 68-100 mm
RW 0.37-0.74 g/mm
(L 68-88 mm)
RD 0.63-0.73
PMD 0.78-0.85
RSH 0.26-0.30
Discussion:-C. stupella can be easily confused with C. stupa. The latter species generally attains larger size, its spire outline is concave, its late teleconch sutural ramps are deeply concave and usually lack spiral grooves, and it has spiral rows of dots rather than spots on last whorl.

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Conus stupella Kuroda, 1956

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in THTA Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Venus vol. xix, no. 1, p. 3, pl. 1, f. 3
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Off Tosa, Japan; 60-70 fathoms
Type Data: Holotype in THTA deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 72.4 x 35.3 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Kurodaconus Species:-stupella
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-S Japan; Taiwan; Philippines; Vietnam
Habitat:-Deep Water over 100 m

Description:-Moderately large to large, solid. Last whorl usually pyriform, outline usually sigmoid. Shoulder subangulate to rounded. Spire of moderate height or high, stepped, outline straight. Maximum diameter of larval shell 0.9-1 mm. First 3-10 postnuclear whorls tuberculate, late whorls undulate or smooth. Teleoconch sutural ramps slightly concave or almost flat, with 2 increasing to 4 spiral grooves. Last whorl with a few weak spiral ribs at base.
Ground colour white suffused with reddish violet. Last whorl with widely spaced spiral rows of brown spots. Some specimens also with sparse light brown flecks, spirally aligned above centre. Teleoconch sutural ramps with brown spots at outer margins, between tubercles in early whorls. Aperture light violet.
Shell Morphometry
L 54-98 mm
RW 0.28-0.48 g/mm
(L 54-73 mm)
RD 0.64-0.74
PMD 0.80-0.89
RSH 0.20-0.30
Discussion:-C. stupella can be easily confused with C. stupa. The latter species generally attains larger size, its spire outline is concave, its late teleconch sutural ramps are deeply concave and usually lack spiral grooves, and it has spiral rows of dots rather than spots on last whorl.

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Conus subaequalis Sowerby iii, 1870

Pictures:

Picture Link: Figure Sowerby, 1870

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 257, pl. 22, f. 5
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: China Seas
Type Data: There is no known specimen
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym form of Conus praecellens A. Adams, 1854
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Kurodaconus Species:-praecellens subaequalis forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Philippines
Habitat:-Found at depths of 10-200 m
Description:-

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Conus subfloridus da Motta, 1985

Pictures:.
Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer

Published in: La Conchiglia xvii, no. 190-191, p. 27, f. 4a-b
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Gulf of Mannar, Between India and Sri Lanka.
Type Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 76.2 x 35.3 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym form of Conus striatus Linnaeus, 1758
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Pionoconus Species:-striatus subfloridus forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Gulf of Mannar, Coromandel Coast and W. Thailand
Habitat:-From 1-50 m, usually in sand on coral reef, often beneath rocks and dead coral slabs
Description:-See above
Discussion:-No Data

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Conus subulatus Kiener, 1845

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in collection Dupont Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv., pl. 70, f. 2

Published in: Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv. 2, p. 243, pl. 70, f. 2.
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Not known.
Type Data: Holotype was in collection Dupont and currently assumed to be lost
Type Size: 34mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Asprella Species:-subulatus
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Philippines and Solomon Is.
Habitat:-Shallow water
Description:- Discussion:-Mike Filmer states in Visaya (2012) that the shells called C. subulatus in collections are different from the holotype. These are renamed Conus moolenbeeki Filmer, 2012.

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Conus suduirauti Raybaudi G. (Massilia), 2004

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Mike Filmer

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Visaya 1 (2), p. 38
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Calituban island, North of Bohol island, Philippines
Type Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 19.2 x 8.6 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Rolaniconus Species:-suduirauti
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Bohol,Philippines; Papua New Guinea
Habitat:-Sand and coral algae
Description:-Source Original Description Visaya
Shell small (length of adult specimens: 16-21 mm) and moderately light in weight.Last whorl conical to broadly conical, outline slightly convex; shoulder angulate and heavily tuberculate. Sides straight to slightly convex, concave near the base. Spire high, stepped, outline straight. Aperture wider at base than near the shoulder. Larval shell smooth, with about 3 whorls, maximum diameter 1.1-1.2 mm. Post-larval spire whorls strongly tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps concave, with 1-3 increasiqg to 3- 7 spiral grooves. Last whorl with strongly beaded spiral ribs. Color of the last whorl white to pink- white, with scattered reddish- brown spots, sometimes coalescing into two. Early teleoconch whorls white, sutural ramps with sparse radial streaks; later spire whorls with coalescent reddish brown spots smudging below the strongly tuberculed shoulder hedge. Larval whorls milky white. Aperture light yellow, with a white collabral marginal hedge.
Discussion:-No Data

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Conus suffusus Sowerby iii, 1870

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1870, p. 255, pl. 22, f. 9
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: New Caledonia
Type Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 55 x 33 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus marmoreus Linnaeus, 1758
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Conus Species:-marmoreus suffusus forma
Synonyms:- noumeensis Crosse, 1872
Geographic Range:-New Caledonia
Habitat:-In 1-15 m. On coral reef platforms and lagoon pinnacles, on coral debris and in sand often under rocks or among weed.
Description:-
Form suffusus has distinct spire tubercles, lacks any pattern elements on its white, pale pink or pale yellow background, and its aperture is pink to orange. Immaculate white shells with a white aperture were described as C. suffusus var. noumeensis.
Discussion:-No Data

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Conus sugillatus Reeve, 1844

Pictures:
Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Conch. Icon., pl. 45, sp. 247

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, pl. 45, sp. 247
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Not known.
Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Conch. Icon., pl. 45, sp. 247
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym form of Conus muriculatus Sowerby ii, 1833
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Lividoconus Species:-muriculatus sugillatus forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Indo-Pacific
Habitat:-Intertidal to about 70 m; living on coarse sand with algae, and on diverse reef substrates.
Description:-
In form sugillatus, colour bands of last whorl usually darker, often tinged with dark bluish green or greenish brown. Central and subshoulder band may be overlaid with yellowish brown. Brown spiral lines usually solid. Teleoconch sutural ramps often greenish brown toward apex. Aperture dark violet, with a pale band at centre and subshoulder area.
Discussion:-No Data

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Conus sugimotonis Kuroda, 1928

Pictures:
Picture Link: Figure Original Description

Picture Link: Paul kersten

Published in: Venus Vol. I, no. 1, p. 81, pl. I, f. 6
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Tosa, Japan.
Type Data: Holotype was in collection Sugimoto and currently assumed to be lost
Type Size: 95 x 48.5 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Kioconus Species:-sugimotonis
Synonyms:- vicdani Lan, 1978; whiteheadae da Motta, 1985
Geographic Range:-Japan - Philippines; Queensland; Coral Sea
Habitat:-Deep water in depths of 100-350 m
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Moderately large to large, usually solid. Last whorl conical to ventricosely conical or slightly pyriform; outline convex at adapical fourth to half, straight or slightly concave below. Shoulder angulate. Spire low; outline concave to sigmoid, often with early whorls projecting from an otherwise flat or slightly domed spire. Larval shell of about 3 whorls, maximum diameter about 1 mm. First 3-5 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave, with 1 increasing to 5-8 spiral grooves, sometimes with additional spiral striae in latest whorls. Last whorl with weak to distinct spiral ribs and ribbons at base.
Ground colour white. Last whorl immaculate or variably shaded with yellow or tan; shells from Philippines may have additional brown axial streaks spirally aligned just above centre; shells from Queensland may additionally be suffused or banded with very pale violet. Larval whorls white or beige. In Japanese and Philippine shells, early teleoconch sutural ramps may be tinged with yellow. Outer margins of sutural ramps sometimes with a varying number of brown dots, persisting at edge of shoulder in some specimens. Aperture white, sometimes bluish white.
Shell Morphometry
L 60-103 mm
RW 0.30-0.85 g/mm
RD 0.54-0.62
PMD 0.80-0.94
RSH 0.02-0.11
Discussion:-C. tribblei differs in the variable brown spiral bands on its last whorl, the brown radial markings on its sutural ramps, its carinate late whorls, and its generally narrower last whorl (RD 0.47-0.61) with an almost straight rather than slightly sigmoid outline. The spiral sculpture is weaker on the late sutural ramps of C. tribblei but stronger on its last whorl. C. lenavati can be distinguished by its brown spiral bands and axial blotches on the last whorl, brown flecks rather than dots on the sutural ramps, and the weaker spiral sculpture of its late sutural ramps.
C. sugimotonis has a more solid shell, broader last whorl (RD 0.54-0.62), lower spire (RSH 0.02-0.1 1), and pronounced spiral grooves on its sutural ramps than C. sieboldii.

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Conus sukhadwalai Röckel & da Motta, 1983

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in NMSF Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Arch. Moll. 114 (1/3), p. 2, pl. 1, figs. 1-3
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Near Madras, India
Type Data: Holotype in NMSF deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 40.2 x 20.1 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Stellaconus Species:-sukhadwalai
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-S. India
Habitat:-15-150 m
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Medium-sized, moderately solid. Last whorl conical to slightly pyriform, outline convex at adapical third and straight to slightly concave below. Shoulder angulate. Spire low; outline concave; apex projects from an otherwise almost flat spire. Larval shell of about 3 whorls, maximum diameter 0.8 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave, with 2 increasing to 4-5 spiral grooves in early whorls, grading into many weak spiral striae in late whorls. Last whorl with a few weak spiral ribs at base.
Ground colour whte suffused with violet. Last whorl with a broad, continuous to interrupted orange to orangish brown spiral band on each side of centre; dark brown spots and axial flames edge the adapical band on both sides and the upper side of the abapical band. Larval whorls light orange. Teleoconch sutural ramps with brown radial markings. Aperture pale violet.
Shell Morphometry
L 37-50 mm
RW 0.19-0.29 g/mm
RD 0.59-0.66
PMD 0.85-0.97
RSH 0.01-0.07
Discussion:-C. malacanus is a larger and somewhat heavier (L 45 mm: RW 0.35) sympatric species, which differs in its broader last whorl (RD 0.65-0.74), higher spire (RSH 0.10-0.17), and tuberculate early and carinate late postnuclear whorls. The periostracum of C. malacanus has no tufted spiral lines. C. recluzianus attains larger size and is lighter in weight (L 45 mm: RW 0.14-0.22); it has a narrower last whorl (RD 0.49-0.60), prominent spiral sculpture on its late sutural ramps and undulate to tuberculate postnuclear whorls.
C. sukhadwalai differs from C. shikamai in having a distinctly broader and less straight-sided last whorl (RD 0.59-0.66), smooth postnuclear whorls, and absence of spiral lines from its last whorl.

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Conus sulcatus Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:.
Picture Link: Neotype

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers. Vol. 1, p. 618
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: East Indies
Type Data: Neotype in MNHN, east of Luzon Island, Philippines
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Asprella Species:-sulcatus
Synonyms:-
Geographic Range:-Japan to Philippines and Melanesia to Fiji; India to Indonesia
Habitat:-Reported in depths of 20 to 240 m
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Medium-sized to large, moderately solid to solid, lightest in form brettinghami. Last whorl conical to ventricosely conical, broadest in form samiae; outline almost straight, left side sometimes concave near base. Form samiae with more convex sides than other forms. Shoulder angulate, strongly tuberculate to weakly undulate with about 10- 14 broad tubercles or bulges. Spire of low to moderate height, outline concave to almost straight. Larval shell of 3 or more whorls, maximum diameter 0.8-1 mm. Teleoconch spire whorls tuberculate to undulate. Teleoconch sutural ramps concave, with 1-2 increasing to 5-12 spiral grooves; in form samiae increasing to 4-7 grooves. In typical form and in form samiue, last whorl sculptured with broad, often pustulose spiral ribs and/or ribbons; grooves between axially striate and often containing 1-3 spiral threads. Forms bocki and brettinghami usually nearly smooth or weakly sculptured.
Ground colour white. Last whorl variably suffused or streaked with yellowish to dark brown. Almost uniformly brown shells intergrade with largely white shells. Shoulder edge usually white. Form samiae with rows of brown spots on spiral elevations of last whorl, fusing or concentrating into 2-3 spiral bands. Larval whorls and adjacent postnucelar sutural ramps immaculate, following sutural ramps maculated with brown radial markings, ranging from mainly brown to mainly white. Aperture white.
Discussion:-Considered 3 allopatric subspecies: C. s. sulcatus from Taiwan, with strongly sculptured last whorl, but rather weakly tuberculate shoulder, and white to blurred- brown in colour. C. s. brettinghami from Philippines and possibly also New Guinea, with narrower last whorl, the upper half smooth, almost solid brown and undulate to weakly tuberculate shoulder. C. s. bocki from W. Thailand, throughout Indonesia and the Solomon Is., with a broad last whorl, strongly tuberculate shoulder, variable in sculpture of last whorl, and brown. Although local populations seem to be uniform in their conchological appearance, these three variants all intergrade with one another, and all occur sympatrically. RKK thus consider them forms rather than subspecies. Typical form: Japan to Philippines, Vietnam and Indonesia; form brettinghami: India, W. Thailand, Philippines to Melanesia; form bocki: W. Thailand, Philippines and Melanesia; form samiae Philippines and Solomon Is., intergrading with form bocki. The typical form of C. sulcatus may resemble C. asiaticus. The latter species is smaller, has smooth late sutural ramps including shoulder, a higher spire (RSH 0.15-0.20), and a larval shell of 2-2.5 whorls (vs. 3 or more whorls)

Conus sulcatus f. bocki Sowerby iii, 1881

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in NMWC Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Radula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., p. 636, pl. 56, f. 7
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Amboyna
Type Data: Holotype in NMWC deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 57 x 32 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Now seen as a valid species: Olivera et al. in Xenophora Taxonomy 33, p. 22 - 29
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Asprella Species:-bocki
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-W. Thailand, Philippines and Melanesia
Habitat:-Reported in depths of 20 to 240 m.
Description:-Source Living Conidae C. sulcatus
Forms bocki usually nearly smooth or weakly sculptured.
Ground colour white. Last whorl variably suffused or streaked with yellowish to dark brown. Almost uniformly brown shells intergrade with largely white shells. Shoulder edge usually white. Aperture white.
Discussion:-Olivera et al. in Xenophora Taxonomy 33, p. 22 - 29

Conus sulcatus f. brettinghami Coomans, Moolenbeek & Wils, 1982

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in NHMUK Mike Filmer

Published in: Basteria 46, p. 39, figs. 258 a & b
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Designated Marinduque, Philippines (C. undulatus)
Type Data: Holotype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued (C. undulatus)
Type Size : 43 x 21 mm
Nomenclature: a new replacement name (nomen novum) for C. undulatus Sowerby, 1858.
Taxonomy: Now seen as a valid species; see Olivera at al. in Xenophora taxonomy 33, p. 22 -29
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Asprella Species:-brettinghami
Synonyms:- undulatus Sowerby ii, 1857
Geographic Range:-India, W. Thailand, Philippines to Melanesia;
Habitat:-Reported in depths of 20 to 240 m.
Description:-Source Living Conidae C. sulcatus
Form brettinghami usually nearly smooth or weakly sculptured.
Ground colour white. Last whorl variably suffused or streaked with yellowish to dark brown.

Discussion:- Olivera at al. in Xenophora Taxonomy 33, p. 22 - 29

Conus sulcatus f. samiae da Motta, 1982

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in MHNG Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Radula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Publ. Ocas. Soc. Port. Malac., no. 1, p. 12, f. 11
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Off Balut Is., Mindanao, Philippines; ca. 200 m
Type Data: Holotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 57.5 x 34 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Now seen a valid species; sse Olivera at al. in Xenophora Taxonomy 33, p. 22 -29
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Asprella Species:- samiae
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Philippines and Solomon Is.
Habitat:-Reported in depths of 20 to 240 m
Description:-Source Living Conidae C. sulcatus
Form samiae with rows of brown spots on spiral elevations of last whorl, fusing or concentrating into 2-3 spiral bands. Larval whorls and adjacent postnucelar sutural ramps immaculate, following sutural ramps maculated with brown radial markings, ranging from mainly brown to mainly white. Aperture white.
Discussion:- Olivera at al. in Xenophora Taxonomy 33, p. 22 -29

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Conus sulcocastaneus Kosuge, 1981

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype C. vicdani Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Radula Picture: Manuel Tenorio

Published in: Bull. Inst. Malacol. Tokyo. I, no. 6, p. 99
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Balut, Davao, Philippines (C. vicdani Kosuge, 1980)
Type Data: Holotype in IMT deposited and catalogued (C. vicdani)
Type Size: 47.9 x 23.8 mm
Nomenclature: Nomen novum for Conus vicdani Kosuge, 1980; non Lan, 1978
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Asprella Species:-sulcocastana
Synonyms:- vicdani Kosuge, 1980
Geographic Range:-Philippines; Marshall Islands
Habitat:-Deep water from 150-240 m
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Medium-sized to moderately large, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl conical or ventricosely conical; outline almost straight, left side usually constricted above base. Aperture wider at base than near shoulder. Siphonal canal sometimes deflected to left. Shoulder strongly tuberculate. Spire of moderate height, outline straight to convex. Larval shell multispiral, maximum diameter about 0.8 mm. Postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps slightly concave with 3 increasing to 4-7 spiral grooves in late whorls. Last whorl with rather broad, axially striate pronounced spiral grooves and prominent ribs and ribbons between.
Ground colour white. Last whorl with rows of brown spots, bars or dashes on spiral elevations, sometimes fusing into a spiral band on each side of centre. Larval whorls white. Postnuclear sutural ramps with brown radial blotches; outer margins with brown spots between mainly white tubercles. Aperture white.
Shell Morphometry
L 44-63 mm
RW 0.25-0.38 g/mm
(L 44-54 mm)
RD 0.57-0.63
PMD 0.81-0.98
RSH 0.09-0.20
Discussion:-C. sulcatus form samiae has a concave rather than convex spire outline and a broader last whorl (RD 0.61-0.70), with variably spaced, usually granulose spiral ribs bearing narrower dotted and dashed lines than in C. sulcocastaneus.

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Conus sulphuratus Kiener, 1845

Pictures:
Picture Link: Figure Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv.

Published in: Spec. Gen. Icon. des Coq. Viv. 2, p. 130, pl. 66, f. 3 and pl. 78, f. 4
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Not Known
Type Data: Syntype was in collection Boivin and currently assumed to be lost
Type Size: 28mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym of Conus vexillum Gmelin, 1791
Current Group Names:-

Discussion: Description based on a juvenile

Not appropriate for the name sulphuratus

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Conus sumatrensis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:
Picture Link: Representation of Lectotype Chemnitz (1788, pl. 144 A, fig. b)
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers. Vol. 1, p. 655
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: locality Sumatra, (Indonesia), (erroneous), corrected (Wils) to Hurghada, Egypt.
Type Data: A representative type figure has been recorded as: Chemnitz (1788, pl. 144 A, fig. b)
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus vexillum Gmelin, 1791
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Rhizoconus Species:-vexillum sumatrensis forma
Synonyms:- leopardus Dillwyn, 1817
Geographic Range:-Red Sea; E. Africa; W. Indian Ocean
Habitat:-Shallow water
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Medium-sized to large, solid to heavy; C. v. vexillum larger but lighter than C. v. sumatrensis. Last whorl conical or ventricosely conical to broadly or broadly and ventricosely conical; outline convex adapically, almost straight below. Shoulder angulate to rounded. Spire of low to moderate height, often higher in C. v. vexillum; outline straight to slightly convex. Larval shell of 3.5-5.5 whorls, maximum diameter 0.8-0.9 mm. First 0.25-2.5 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 2-3 increasing to about 10 often punctate spiral grooves. Last whorl with weak spiral ribs at base.
C. v. sumatrensis: Last whorl with blackish brown axial streaks and flames, and with fine less densely spaced axial lines, frequently consisting of close-set minute dots and often variably reduced. Spiral colour zones lighter brown than in C. v. vexillum, sometimes reduced; white bands always distinct. Base white to tan, variably covered with minute brown dots. Small juveniles (10 mm or less) of C. v. vexillum yellow or olive. During growth, colour changes to brown. White ground appears gradually in adults. Small specimens with spirally arrayed, minute brown dots on spire and at base, sometimes over entire last whorl. During growth, dots become arranged into axial rows, clustered at base and so closely spaced as to produce solid lines. Center of last whorl transitionally with 1-2 spiral rows of brown spots. Larger subadults often with dark brown axial streaks, similar to C. v. sumatrensis adults. Juveniles of C. v. sumatrensis also yellow; axial streaks and flames are retained in adults.
Discussion:-No Data

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Conus sunderlandi Petuch, 1987

Pictures:.
Picture Link: Holotype in USNM Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: New Carib. Moll. Faunas, p. 75, pl. 12, fig. 13-16
Ocean geography: West Atlantic and Caribbean
Type Locality: Utila Island, Bay Islands, Honduras; 18 m
Type Data: Holotype in USNM deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 33 x 17 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Gradiconus Species:-sunderlandi
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Honduras
Habitat:-Found at depths of 20 m
Description:-Source: Original description
Shell stocky, solid, broad across shoulder; shoulder sharp-angled; body whorl smooth and shiny; anterior tip with several strong spiral cords; shell color white, overlaid with numerous close- packed rows of tiny, bright orange, vertical flammules; mid- body with white band; anterior tip white, with few scattered tiny, orange flammules; bands of orange vertical flammules sometimes coalesce to form solid orange, wide band ; spire whorls white, with numerous, closely- packed, bright orange, crescent-shaped flammules; interior of aperture pink; periostracum thin, smooth, yellow.
Discussion:-Conus sunderlandi which appears to be endemic to Utila Is. and surrounding areas of the Bay Islands, is closest to C. daucus, Hwass, which is widespread throughout the Caribbean. Conus sunderlandi differs from C. daucus in being a slightly more pyriform shell with a higher spire, by being a smaller species, and by having a distinctive color pattern of bands of orange, vertical flammules. No known varieties of C. daucus, from anywhere in the Caribbean, show the banded pattern of C. sunderlandi.

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Conus suratensis Hwass in Bruguiere, 1792

Pictures:.
Picture Link: Lectotype in MHNG Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Encyc. Meth. Hist. Nat. des Vers. Vol. 1, p. 669
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: East Indies
Type Data: Lectotype in MHNG deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 51 x 35 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Dendroconus Species:-suratensis
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Indian Ocean; SW Pacific
Habitat:-Shallow water
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Large and heavy. Last whorl usually ventricosely conical, outline convex at adapical third, straight below. Shoulder subangulate to rounded. Spire low, outline variably concave. Larval shell multispiral, maximum diameter 0.8-0.9 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat to slightly concave, with a few spiral grooves grading to spiral striae in late whorls. Last whorl with distinct or weak spiral grooves on basal third, separating ribbons of varying width.
Ground colour cream to tan, variably suffused with orange-brown. Last whorl with spiral rows of brown dots, spots, dashes or narrow bars mostly also aligned in axial rows. Dark markings sometimes alternate with white dashes. Occasionally, narrow orange-brown bands encircle last whorl at various sites. Base, siphonal fasciole and basal part of columella pale orange, often immaculate. Late sutural ramps radially or irregularly maculated with dark brown streaks and a few blotches. Aperture orange or pale brown in subadults, white in adults.
Shell Morphometry
L 80-161 mm
RW 1.00-3.00 g/mm
(L 80-128 mm)
RD 0.59-0.69
PMD 0.78-0.86
RSH 0.02-0.06
Discussion:-C. suratensis is often difficult to distinguish from C. betulinus. It does not attain as large size as the latter species, generally has a narrower last whorl (RD 0.59-0.69) as well as a lower spire (RSH 0.02-0.06); the spiral sculpture of its last whorl consists of ribbons, and its pattern has more but smaller brown markings that are also axially aligned.

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Conus sutanorcum Moolenbeek, Röckel & Bouchet, 2008

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Mike Filmer

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Vita Malacologica 6, 46
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Vitu Levi, Fiji
Type Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 29.7 x 13.8 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Phasmoconus Species:-sutanorcum
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Fiji
Habitat:-Found at depths of 150-180 m
Description:-Source original description
Shell medium-sized, moderately solid. Shape conical to broadly ovate. Spire concave. Protoconch glassy white, two nearly smooth tapering whorls. Teleoconch of 9.5 whorls. The first 3 post nuclear whorls with fine nodules gradually disappearing. Spire whorls starting with one and ending with 4 spiral grooves. Suture rather deep. Colour white with irregular axial brown markings, penultimate whorl with about 12 markings. Last whorl with about 35 spiral cords which are narrower than the axially striated interspaces. On the basal part of the whorl the interspaces are about 5 times as broad as the cords. Upper cords brown with now and then a white area in between, on lower cords the brown and white portions are nearly equal. Base white. Aperture rather slender, white with the brown lines shining through the edge.
Discussion:-

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Conus suturatus Reeve, 1844

Pictures:.
Picture Link: Syntype in NHMUK Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Conch. Icon. I, Conus, pl. 45, sp. 250
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: not known, (label states Port Essington), (Eastern Gulf of Carpenteria, northern Australia).
Type Data: Syntype in NHMUK deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 41 x 23 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species; maybe a form of Conus tessulatus
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Tesselliconus Species:-suturatus
Synonyms:- kashiwajimensis Shikama, 1971; sandwichensis Walls, 1978 which is raised to the status of a valid species by Tucker, Tenorio & Chaney (2011)
Geographic Range:-N. Australia; E. Indian Ocean; W. Pacific
Habitat:-Offshore
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Moderately small to medium-sized, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl conical, ventricosely conical or broadly conical; outline straight or variably convex adapically. Shoulder subangulate to angulate. Spire low, outline concave to straight.
Larval shell multispiral, maximum diameter about 0.7 mm. First 5-8 postnuclear whorls tuberculate. Teleoconch sutural ramps with a pronounced subsutural ridge and a distinct ribbon between 2 spiral grooves; in large specimens, last ramp sometimes with 3-4 spiral grooves. Last whorl with variably spaced deep spiral grooves at basal fourth to third; ribs between grading to ribbons adapically.
C. s. sandwichensis differs in its less solid shell with a strictly conical, narrower and more straight-sided last whorl and a moderately high, stepped spire. Subadults from Hawaii have more pronounced sculpture on the last whorl, with spiral grooves extending to shoulder; intervening ribs usually with minute granules
Ground colour white, sometimes suffused with pink or violet. Last whorl usually with 3 orange or pink spiral bands, below shoulder and on both sides of centre; adapical band usually pale. Sometimes, additional spiral rows of variously sized, squarish, yellowish brown spots form clusters overlying colour bands; rows vary in number and arrangement and sometimes contain white spots. Base and siphonal fasciole light violet. Larval whorls white. Teleoconch sutural ramps immaculate or with orangish brown radial markings producing separated spots or bars along shoulder edge. Aperture white to violet.
Shell Morphometry
L 30-43 mm
RW 0.20-0.44 g/mm
RD 0.62-0.73
PMD 0.80-0.90
RSH 0.03-0.12
Discussion:-No Data

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Conus suzannae Van Rossum, 1990

Pictures:.
Picture Link: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN Mike Filmer

Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: La Conchiglia xxii, no. 250-252, p. 29
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Malindi, Kenya
Type Data: Holotype in NATURALIS, LEIDEN deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 38. X 17.6 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: Synonym colour form of Conus textile Linnaeus, 1758
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-CONINAE
Genus:-Cylinder Species:-textile suzannae forma
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Kenya, E. Africa
Habitat:-Intertidal to about 50 m; on coral reef from the reef crest to deeper water inside the lagoon and sometimes also on flats of mainland coasts.
Description
C. suzannae : smaller than other forms of C. textile Last whorl rather narrow, conoid-cylindrical to ventricosely conical (RD 0.52-0.60; PMD 0.75-0.80); spire rather high (RSH 0.13-0.19). Ground colour white to yellowish orange, often suffused with violet. Pattern consisting of reddish brown reticulated lines and 2-3 overlying weak and interrupted spiral colour bands; within bands, lines often not reticulated but axially undulating and sparsely fusing into broad axial lines. Spiral banding may be emphasized by pale violet background shades underlying only the strongly reticulated spiral zones. Known from Malindi and Robinson Id., Kenia. RKK consider C. suzannae a local race of C. textile.

Discussion:-No Data

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Conus swainsoni Estival & von Cosel, 1986

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in MNHN Mike Filmer
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Living Animal: David Massemin New Caledonia

Published in: Venus 45, p. 88, pl. 1 (1-3), 2 (1-6)
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: New Caledonia, off Noumea, Between Ilot Canard and Ilot Maitre.(C. pulchellus Swainson,1822)
Type Data: Holotype in MNHN deposited and catalogued (C. pulchellus)
Type Size: 56 x 28.2 mm
Nomenclature: an Available name, a new description and a new replacement name (nomen novum) for C. pulchellus Swainson, 1822
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Vituliconus Species:-swainsoni
Synonyms:- pulchellus Swainson, 1822
Geographic Range:-New Caledonia
Habitat:-In 12 to more than 60 m
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Medium-sized to moderately large, moderately solid to solid. Last whorl conical or ventricosely conical, outline convex adapically, less so or straight below. Shoulder angulate. Spire low; outline concave, straight or sigmoid in adults, domed in subadults. Larval shell multispiral, maximum diameter 0.8-0.9 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps with 1 increasing to 3-5 weak spiral grooves. Last whorl with prominent spiral rows of granules toward base; interspaces with an usually weaker central row of granules.
Ground colour white. Last whorl with large orange to brown blotches and orange or orangish brown axial flames, leaving a continuous or interrupted spiral ground-colour band below centre. About 23-30 solid dark brown spiral lines extend from base to shoulder. Base deep violet. Juveniles either immaculate pale rose except for violet base or with colour pattern similar to that of adults except for 'more or less missing spiral lines' (Estival & von Cosel, 1986). Larval shell beige. Teleoconch sutural ramps with brown radial markings. Aperture white except for deep violet anterior end.
Shell Morphometry
L 36-62 mm
RW 0.18-0.41 g/mm
((L 36-55 mm))
RD 0.51-0.61
PMD 0.80-0.91
RSH 0.07-0.11
Discussion:-This species is very similar to C. circumactus. The latter species has a broader last whorl (RD 0.58-0.68) and a concave spire rather than with domed early whorls. Juvenile shells (length about 20 mm) of these two species differ strikingly in shape and colour pattern, and they do not appear to intergrade where they co-occur in New Caledonia.

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Conus swinneni Tenorio, Afonso, Cunha & Rolán, 2014

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in MNCM Manolo Tenorio
Picture Link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Xenophora Taxonomy 2, p. 10-11, Pl. 2
Ocean geography: East Atlantic and West Africa
Type Locality: Porto Ferreira, East Coast of Boa Vista Island, Cape Verde Archipelago
Type Data: Holotype in MNCM deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 23,6 x14.0 mm
Nomenclature: An available name
Taxonomy: A synonym of delanoyae Trovão, 1979; see Discussion
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Africonus Species:-swinneni
Synonyms:- There are no junior synonyms
Geographic Range:-Boa Vista, Cape Verde Islands
Habitat:-Buried or partially buried in small rock ridges and crevices with very fine white sand
Description-A solid shell with a conical to ventricosely conical profile of the last whorl and a subangulate shoulder. Spire low to moderate, straight to concave, with fine cords on the sutural ramps and with a pointed apex. There are two shell pattern morphs: yellow brown and darker brown. Both are patterned by irregular white blotches and markings that in most specimens are arranged forming a central spiral broad band on the mid body and another very characteristic narrow spiral band at the height of the shoulder. Very thin spiral lines are present on the body whorl, more evident in darker brown colored morphs. There are also fine axial brown often zigzag lines crossing the white bands at the shoulder and at the center. Towards the base the color is always darker. Aperture white with a light shade of purple towards the upper portion. Columella white. Periostracum yellow, thin, smooth and translucent.
Discussion:- DNA analysis support the status of valid species.

Abalde et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2017) 17:231

Phylogenetic relationships of cone shells endemic to Cabo Verde based on mitochondrial genomes

New species proposed: Africonus delanoyae Trovão, 1979

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Conus sydneyensis Sowerby iii, 1887

Pictures:
Picture Link: Holotype in IRSN Mike Filmer
Picture link: Paul Kersten

Published in: Thes. Conch. V, p. 260, pl. 32 (510), f. 694
Ocean geography: Indo-Pacific
Type Locality: Pt. Jackson, Australia
Type Data: Holotype in IRSN deposited and catalogued
Type Size: 21 x 11 mm
Nomenclature: An Available name
Taxonomy: A valid species
Current Group Names:-
Family:-CONIDAE SubFamily:-PUNCTICULIINAE
Genus:-Austroconus Species:-sydneyensis
Synonyms:- illawarra Garrard, 1961
Geographic Range:-New South Wales
Habitat:-Found at depths of 90-250 m
Description:-Source Living Conidae
Moderately small. moderately light to moderately solid. Last whorl conical to ventricosely conical; outline slightly convex, left side concave near base. Shoulder angulate. Spire usually of moderate height, outline concave to slightly sigmoid. Larval shell of about 2.5 whorls, maximum diameter about 0.9 mm. Teleoconch sutural ramps flat, with 0-1 increasing to 3-4 wide spiral grooves. Last whorl with axially striate spiral grooves from base to centre; intervening ribbons narrower and arranged in pairs toward base. often grading to ribs at anterior end.
Ground colour white, suffused with light violet or cream. Last whorl with yellowish to orangish brown clouds and blotches, often arranged in spiral rows or forming a coarse meshwork. Larval whorls white. Postnuclear sutural ramps with radial blotches extending over shoulders and matching last whorl pattern in colour. Aperture light pink to pinkish brown.
Shell Morphometry
L 25-33 mm
RW 0.06-0.16 g/mm
RD 0.63-0.70
PMD 0.79-0.88
RSH 0.12-0.22
Discussion:-C. sydneyensis is similar to C. baeri, a larger species (L 30-45 mm) with a broader larval shell (1.2-1.3 mm). The last whorl pattern of C. baeri consists of spiral colour bands and separate spiral rows of spots and bars rather than coalescing blotches and clouds, and its aperture lacks pink or violet shades. C. colmani differs from C. sydneyensis in its larger size (to 52 mm), tuberculate early postnuclear whorls, broader larval shell (1.05-1.15 mm) of fewer whorls (2), and in the larger number of spiral grooves on the late sutural ramps; its last whorl pattern elements are narrower, and its aperture is white.

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Copyright Paul Kersten. Rights to all images remains with the originator. Every effort has been made by the editor to respect copyright and image rights and to seek the appropriate approvals. The source of any text quoted from original descriptions or other publications is acknowledged. Acknowledgements and References can be viewed by clicking on the links provided. Should you have any queries or material which would improve the content of the website, you may contact the author at the E mail address on home page.

Last update: November 2021